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ANS3043 Growth & Development of Farm Animals > Exam 1: Cell Structure & Regulation of Phenotype > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cell Structure & Regulation of Phenotype Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a cell? How can it be described as?

A

The basic unit of a cell
1. It has specialized functions
2. Continual turnover in some tissues
3. Generally 10-30 μm in diameter

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2
Q

What does a plasma membrane do? What is it surrounded by?

A
  1. Regulates what enters and exits the cell
  2. Surrounded by a lipid bi-layer
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3
Q

What is a Cytoskeleton?

A

A network of protein filaments and tubules in cell

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4
Q

What are some examples of Nucleotides?

A
  1. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
  2. ATP
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5
Q

What are some examples of protein?

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. structural (e.g., cytoskeleton)
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6
Q

What are examples of carbohydrates?

A

1.Glucose
2.Glycogen

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7
Q

What are examples of Lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Cholesterol
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8
Q

What are some examples of Inorganic (ash)?

A
  1. Ca
  2. Mg
  3. Fe
  4. Zn
  5. Na
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9
Q

What is a cell phenotype?

A

Central dogma of biology, it is a conversion of genetic information to a functional product

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10
Q

How does the process of go?

A

Goes from DNA (it can do replication) -> RNA via transcription-> Protein via Translation -> Phenotype

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11
Q

What does DNA contain in its strands what is it called?

A

Called deoxyribonucleotides

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12
Q

What does RNA contain in its strand?

A

Ribonucleotides

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13
Q

What is conversion of genetic information to functional product look?

A

DNA->mRNA-> Polypeptide (protein)

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14
Q

How is DNA determined?

A
  1. Gene sequence
  2. Epigenetic modification
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15
Q

How is RNA determined?

A

Determined by regulation of gene transcription

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16
Q

How is protein determined?

A

Determined by regulation of protein and post-translational modifications.

17
Q

How can DNA be described as?

A

All the instructions- neatly packed away

18
Q

What efficiently packages DNA to fit the nucelus? What can DNA control?

A
  1. Chromatin
  2. Control DNA replication and gene expression
19
Q

How does the formation of a double helix occur?

A

Starts from a Chromosome-> Chromatin-> forming a Heterochromatin-> forms Euchromatin with histones -> turns into Nucleosomes -> Double helix that is 5-6 ft long.

20
Q

What is single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?

A

It is when there is a one-nucleotide difference within a gene, that is either silent or expressed, between members of a biological species

21
Q

What are copy number varations (CNVs)?

A

They are addition or loss of longer segments of genomic DNA by chromosomal rearrangements

22
Q

What are SNPs and CNV associated with?

A

Associated with development and disease

23
Q

What are Quantitative trait loci (QTLs)?

A

Genetic variant that are linked to a specific, quantitative trait (for example: milk production)

24
Q

What are some some example of how SNPs affect animal health?

A
  1. Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) (G>A)
  2. Porice stress syndrome/Malignant hyperthermia (C>T)
  3. Predictor of optimum racing distance (C>T)
  4. Spider lamb syndrome T>A
25
Q

What does an AA subsitution in Gylcogen synthase, ryanodine receptor do?

A
  1. Causes over activation of enzyme Glycogensis, Myopathy
  2. Over activation of the receptor can cause too much muscle contraction, hyperthermia
26
Q

Would a DNA sequence be the same between different cells? Like a muscle and kidney cell?

Same body

A

They would have an identical sequence but different functions

27
Q

What are some examples of Epigenetic modifications?

A
  1. Affect phenotype by regulating access to the DNA for transcription (gene expression)
  2. Does not change the DNA sequence
  3. Modifications to the DNA or histones
28
Q

When it comes to regulation of a cell phenotype what does the control transcriptional do?

A

Regulates which genes are transcribed or rate at which transcription occurs

chromatin -> DNA unpacking-> Gene available for transcription -> Transcr

29
Q

When it comes to regulation of a cell phenotype what does the control Post-transcriptional do?

A

1.mRNA molecules undergo changes in nucleus before translation occurs
2.Introns are removed & exons spliced together

Pre-mRNA-> RNA processing-> mRNA-> Transport to cytoplasm

30
Q

When it comes to regulation of a cell phenotype what does the control Translational do?

A
  1. How often and how rapidly mRNA transcripts are translated into proteins
  2. Length of time it takes for mRNA to be activated & speed at which mRNA is degraded

mRNA in cytoplasm -> translation/ degredation-> Polypeptide

31
Q

When it comes to regulation of a cell phenotype what does the control Post-translational do?

A
  1. Many proteins require processing before they become functional
  2. Several control mechanisms affect rate at which proteins becomes active and time it remains functional

Cleavage Modification transport to destination -> Functional protein (subject to modifications)-> Degradation

32
Q

What does the Non-coding RNA consist of? What is its role?

A

1.~ nucleotides long
2.Important repressors of gene expression
* Blocks translation
* Destabilize mRNA
* Cleave mRNA

33
Q

Hard to explain but when it comes to polar overdominance inheritance how does it work? Coming from a paternal & a maternal side of things? How is the Phenotype affected?

A
  1. If a paternal is +, and maternal is + = Unaffected phenotype
  2. Paternal +, Maternal CLPG= Unaffected
  3. Paternal CLPG, Maternal + = Muscle hypertrophy
  4. Paternal CLPG, Maternal CLPG = Unaffected
34
Q

What does amino acid sequence affect ?

A
  1. The shape & three dimensional structure of protein
  2. Function
  3. How the protein may assemble with other proteins
35
Q

How does regulating a protein function work?

A
  1. Transport to sub-cellular location
  2. Structure folding ( confirmation)
  3. Post translational modifications (Phosphorylation, Methylation, Acetylation, Oxidation/reduction, other)
  4. Cleavage ( removal of pro-peptides)
  5. Addition/binding of co-factors
36
Q

What does Protein degradation consist of?

A
  1. Remove damaged proteins
  2. Control protein activity (hormones have short life-span)
  3. Liberate AA for synthesis of other proteins, or for energy sources.

ANS3043 Growth & Development of Farm Animals (8 decks)

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