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HBM1001 > EXAM 2 - Respiratory System 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 x Processes of Respiration
(P.E.T.I)

A
  1. P ulmonary Ventilation (breathing: movement of air in/out of lungs)
  2. E xternal respiration (Gas exchange of O2/CO2 between lungs &blood)
  3. T ransport (of O2 and Co2 in blood)
  4. I nternal respiration (Gas exchange of O2/Co2 between blood vessels & tissues)
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2
Q

Anatomy: Conducting Zone

A
  • Nose & nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles

FUNCTION:
- Gas conduits
- Cleanses, warms and humidifies air

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3
Q

Anatomy: Respiratory Zone

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli

FUNCTION: Gas exchange

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4
Q

Anatomy: Nose (location, structure & function)

A

Location: only external visible part of respiratory system
Structure: Bone & cartilage

FUNCTION:
- humidifies/moistens
- warms air
- cleanse & filters air

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5
Q

Anatomy: Pharynx (location, structure & function)

A

Structure:
- Nasopharynx (continuous with nasal cavity)
- Oropharynx (food & air passageway)
- Laryngopharynx (superior to larynx, posterior to esophagus)

Function:
- Passageway for air & food

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6
Q

Anatomy: Larynx

A

Structure:
- connects pharynx to trachea
- closed off by epiglottis when swallowing food
- framework of cartilage and dense connective tissue
- houses vocal cords

Function:
- Voice box / voice production
- functions as an open airway (thyroid cartilage)
- prevents food from entering repiratory tract

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7
Q

Alveoli cell types

A

TYPE I CELLS:
- form major part of alveolar wall
- simple squamous epithelial cells

TYPE II CELLS:
- not as common
- secret fluid containing surfactant (keeps lungs inflated by reducing surface tension)
- Cuboidal epithelial cells

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8
Q

Air path flow

A
  1. Nose / nasal cavity (air is warmed, humidified and cleansed)
  2. Air enters pharynx
  3. Air enters larynx
  4. Air enters trachea (windpipe)
  5. Trachea separates into 2 x Bronchi (enter separate lungs)
    • Bronchi: Highly ciliated and secretes mucous (to clean air)
  6. Bronchi splits into Bronchioles
  7. Bronchioles terminate at alveoli (site of gas exchange)
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9
Q

Anatomy: Paranasal sinuses (location, structure & function)

A

Structure: Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in cranial bones.

Function: Same as nose, lightens skull

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10
Q

Anatomy: TRACHEA (location, structure & function)

A

STRUCTURE:
- also known as windpipe
- runs from larynx and divides (inferiorly) into 2 x main bronchi
- Walls of trachea: C-shaped cartilages

FUNCTIONS:
- air passageway
- warms, humidifies and cleans air (SAME AS NOSE)

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11
Q

Anatomy: BRONCHIAL TREE (location, structure & function)

A

STRUCTURE:
- left and right bronchi (to connect into left/right lungs)
- bronchi subdivide within the longs into smaller segments and bronchioles (primary, secondary, tertiary)

FUNCTION:
- Air passageways, connecting trachea with alveoli
- warms, humidifies and cleanses air (SAME AS NOSE)

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12
Q

Anatomy: ALVEOLI (location, structure & function)

A

STRUCTURE
- part of respiratory zone
- located at terminal of bronchial tree .
- simple squamous epithelialum
- capillaries cover external surfaces

FUNCTION:
- site of gas exchange

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13
Q

Anatomy: LUNGS (location, structure & function)

A

STRUCTURE:
- located in thoracic cavity
- paired composite organs
- Composed of alveoli and respiratory passageways
- fibrous elastic connective tissue to allow lungs to recoil passively during expiration

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14
Q

Anatomy: PLEURAE (location, structure & function)

A

STRUCTURE:
- Serous membranes (The outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach)
- Parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity,
- Visceral pleura covers external lung surface

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15
Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure

A

Pressure within ALVEOLI of lungs
- eventually equalizes with atomostpheric pressure (0mm Hg)

‘intra’ = inside
‘pulmonary’ = lungs

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16
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A

ressure within PLEURAL CAVITY
- Always -4mm Hg less than pressure in alveoli (negative relative to atmospheric / intrapulmonary pressures)

‘intra’ = inside
‘pleural’ = pleural cavity (small space between lungs and ribs)

**Differences between Intrapleural & intrapulmonary pressures keeps the lungs from collapsing

17
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

PRESSURE is inversely related to VOLUME (in constant temperature)

‘at constant temperature, pressure of gas
varies inversely with its volume”
↑volume → ↓ pressure
↓volume → ↑ pressure

THINK syringe example.

18
Q

Charles’ law

A

Volume of gas is DIRECTLY proportional to its absolute temperature (at constant pressure)

↑temperature → ↑volume
↓temperature → ↓volume

19
Q

INSPIRATION
(5- steps - I.T.L.I.A)
1. Inspiratory muscles
2. thoracic cavity
3. Lungs
4. Intrapulmonary Pressure
5. Air

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract (rib cage rises, diaphragm descends)
  2. Thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. Lungs are stretched; IP volume increases
  4. IP pressure drops to -1 mm Hg
  5. Air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until IP pressure is 0 mm Hg (equal to atmospheric pressure)

**IP = Intrapulmonary

20
Q

EXPIRATION
(5- steps - I.T.L.I.A)
1. Inspiratory muscles
2. thoracic cavity
3. Lungs
4. Intrapulmonary Pressure
5. Air

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilage)
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases.
  3. Elastic lungs recoil passively; IP volume decreases
  4. IP pressure rises to +1 mm Hg
  5. Air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until IP pressure is 0 mm Hg.
21
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial
pressures of the component gases:

PTotal=Pgas 1+Pgas 2+Pgas 3…

22
Q

Henry’s Law (diffusion)

A

when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid,
each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial
pressure.

A gas will flow from high pressure to low
pressure (diffusion) until the partial pressures are the same
(equilibrium)

↑concentration of gas → ↑partial pressure → dissolve in liquid fast

HBM1001 (13 decks)

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