EXAM 2 - Blood

Question 1

WBC Types

Answer 1

Ganulocytes (visible cytoplasm):
1. Neutrophils (50-70%
2. Eosinophils (2-4%)
3. Basophils (0.5 - 1%)

Agranulocytes (lack visible cytoplasm):
1. Lymphocyte (25%)
2. Monocyte (3.8%)

Question 2

Neutrophils

Answer 2

FUNCTION: Phagocytize bacteria

DESCRIPTION: Multi-lobed nucleus

EXAMPLE: E.Coli causing a UTI

Question 3

Eosinophils

Answer 3

FUNCTION: Kill parasitic worms (and complex role in allergy / asthma)

DESCRIPTION: Bi-lobed nucleus; red granules

EXAMPLE: Patient with tapeworm

Question 4

Basophil

Answer 4

FUNCTION: Release histamine & other mediators of inflammation

DESCRIPTION: Bi-lobed nucleus, purple/black granules

EXAMPLE: During an allergic reaction to peanuts

Question 5

Lymphocytes

Answer 5

FUNCTION: Mount immune response by direct cell attack / antibodies

DESCRIPTION: Uni-nucleus, spherical shaped

EXAMPLE: Production of antibodies & memory

Question 6

Monocytes

Answer 6

FUNCTION: Phagocytosis + Develop into macrophages in the tissues

DESCRIPTION: Uni-nucleus, kidney-shaped

EXAMPLE: Long term infections

Question 7

Erythropoiesis

Answer 7

Process of formation of RBCS (takes about 15 days)

Question 8

Erythropoietin

Answer 8

HORMONE - hormone that stimulates the formation of RBCs
- Released by kidneys mainly (and liver to some extent)
- Released in response to Hypoxia

Question 9

Homeostasis Example: Hypoxia

Answer 9

1. STIMULUS: Hypoxia; Decreased number of RBCs; decreased hemoglobin count; decreased O2 availability
2. CONTROL CENTRE: Kidney (and liver to some extent). Kidney releases Erythropoietin
3. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
4. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count.
5. O2 carrying ability of blood rises

Question 10

Hemostasis (blood clotting) Steps

Answer 10

1. VASCULAR SPASM:
   Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction
2. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
   a) Injury to vessel lining exposes collagen fiber’s, platelets adhere
   b) Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky = platelet plug forms
3. COAGULATION
   Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets, forming the clot

Question 11

Bloody Types

Answer 11

BLOOD TYPE AB: ‘universal recipient’
- A & B Antigens
- No Antibodies
- Receives ALL
- Donates to NONE (only itself)

BLOOD TYPE O: ‘universal donor’
- No Antigens
- Both Anti-A & Anti-B antigens
- Receives NONE (only itself)
- Donates to ALL

BLOOD TYPE B:
- B Antigens
- Anti-A Antigens
- Receives: B, O
- Donates: B & AB

BLOOD TYPE A:
- A Antigens
- Anti - B Antigens
- Receives: A, O
- Donates: A & AB