Exam 2 - Quizzes Flashcards
After 2 half-lives, what percentage of the original amount or concentration of a hormone is left?
a) 25
b) <5
c) 100
d) 50
a) 25
Consider the HPG axis of a male. Which of the following hormones is mostly responsible for feedback regulation?
a) testosterone
b) estradiol
c) cortisol
d) FSH
e) GnRH
a) testosterone
Identify the cell types in the picture below and list the stain (specific) that is responsible for its appearance.
The cell type in A is _______ ; its cytoplasm is colorless because it binds _______ stain.
The cell type in B is _________ ; its cytoplasm is pink because it binds _________ stain.
The cell type in C is ___________ ; its cytoplasm is purple/blue because it binds _______ stain.
- chromophobe; no
- acidophil; eosin
- basophil; hematoxylin
Congratulations! You have a new puppy. Unfortunately, after a few weeks you notice it eats like a horse but is failing to gain weight, has a rough hair coat, pees all the time, and is hyperactive (even for a puppy). You suspect:
a) a pituitary tumor, probably involving lactotrophs
b) the canine version of Graves Disease
c) time for a dewormer
d) acromegaly
e) iodine deficiency
b) the canine version of Graves Disease
Which of the following is/are true of Calcitonin?
a) it inhibits osteoclasts
b) its action helps reduce blood calcium concentration
c) it stimulates kidneys to secrete calcitriol
d) it is an amine hormone
e) it is secreted by parathyroid glands
a) it inhibits osteoclasts
b) its action helps reduce blood calcium concentration
The drawing below represents a specific endocrine gland. For (a) identify the gland. From top to bottom, there are 4 distinct layers of cells. Identify the general CLASS of hormones secreted by each layer. Note: Top=b, bottom=e. Give the CLASS of hormones, not just “steroid”; not one specific hormone.
- Identify the gland: ________ gland.
- Hormone class of uppermost layer: _____________
- Hormone class of next (lower) layer: _____________
- Hormone class of 3rd layer: ___________
- Hormone class of bottom layer: __________
- adrenal
- mineralocorticoid
- glucocorticoid
- androgen
- amine
Fill in the blanks to complete the steps in synthesis of thyroid hormones:
_________ is synthesized in the _________ cells of the thyroid gland and is secreted into the ___________ in the lumen. Elsewhere in these cells, ___________ , which is required to synthesize thyroid hormones, is taken up by membrane transporters. It is then ____________ (action verb) to yield its active form. These active molecules are transported into the lumen, where they become bound to __________ (amino acid) residues of the protein in blank1 above. This ultimately results in formation of ______ and ______ (use abbreviations), which can combine to form T3 or T4 precursors. These precursors are then endocytosed, resulting in ___________ that combine with a _________ (organelle), where enzymes cleave the T3/T4 from the precursors, forming mature thyroid hormones, ready for secretion into blood.
thyroglobulin; follicular; colloid; iodine; oxidized; tyrosine; MIT and DIT; vesicles; lysosome
Which of the following hormones dominates (is in highest concentration in blood) during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle?
a) progesterone
b) androgen
c) gonadotropin
d) estrogen
a) progesterone
The pancreas is comprised of a(n) ___________ portion, that secretes digestive enzymes and a(n) ___________ portion that secretes hormones. Among the hormones are ________, which is secreted by ________ cells and causes target cells to take up glucose from blood, and _________, which is secreted by __________ cells and causes target cells to release stored glucose.
exocrine; endocrine; insulin; beta; glucagon; alpha
_____________ is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate release of __________ .
renin; aldosterone
Which of the following cell types make parathyroid hormone?
a) parafollicular cells
b) kidney tubule cells
c) osteoclasts
d) chief cells
d) chief cells
Vitamin D metabolism involves three organs that successively modify the precursor molecule, 7-dehydrocholestrol, into the active form of vitamin D. The first organ is _________, where the precursor is converted to pro-vitamin D3. The next organ is ____________ , where a specific enzyme adds another hydroxyl group. The third organ is the __________, where another hydroxyl group is added, forming active, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, or calcitriol, which binds to ________ (3 words or abbreviation) on target cells to have its effect.
skin; liver; kidney; VDR
T or F. As they circulate in blood, many hormones are bound to carrier proteins often known as binding globulins. Thyroxine-binding globulin is one such example that carries over 70% of the thyroid hormones in blood. When blood reaches target cells, the bound hormone is available to bind to receptor and exert effects on the target cell.
False
The lining or wall of the alimentary canal (GI tract) is composed of four basic tissue layers. From innermost to outermost, they are the ___________, ___________ , _________ and ____________ .
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
The three segments of the small intestine, from proximal to distal, are the __________, the ____________ , and the ___________.
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
We discussed INCRETINS in class, including two that are currently in use to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or promote weight loss in humans. One of these is ________ and the other is ________.
GLP-1 and GIP
The process of deglutition (swallowing) involves three phases. The first is the ____________ phase, the next is the ___________ phase, and the last is the ____________ phase.
voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
In the GI tract, SHORT REFLEXES involve the: ______ neurons and ______ nervous system
- enteric neurons
- intrinsic nervous system
There are 6 fundamental activities of the gastrointestinal tract (GiT). These begin with ___________ , followed by _____________ , which involves peristalsis. The next step is ___________ , which includes mastication, then __________ , which involves enzymes. These all lead to the main purpose, which is _________ of nutrients. The final activity is __________ .
Within the lumen of the GIT, one would find ________ , which is a ‘soup’ of digesta, acid and enzymes. From the outside, one might notice __________ of the GIT, due to peristalsis.
- ingestion
- propulsion
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
- absorption
- defecation
- chyme
- segmentation
Match the following components of the gut wall to the layer it is contained within. options: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
lamina propria
mucosa
Match the following components of the gut wall to the layer it is contained within. options: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
adipose cells
serosa
Match the following components of the gut wall to the layer it is contained within. options: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
myenteric plexus
muscularis externa
Match the following components of the gut wall to the layer it is contained within. options: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
surface epithelium
mucosa
Match the following components of the gut wall to the layer it is contained within. options: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
submucosal plexus
submucosa
Match the following components of the gut wall to the layer it is contained within. options: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
outer longitudinal smooth muscle
muscularis externa
Match the following components of the gut wall to the layer it is contained within. options: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
muscularis mucosa
mucosa
Match the following components of the gut wall to the layer it is contained within. options: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
inner circular smooth muscle
muscularis externa
True or False. The peritoneum is serous connective tissue comprised of 2 layers. The PARIETAL layer surrounds individual organs of the gut.
False
Which of the following is/are true of INSULIN?
a) stimulates protein synthesis
b) stimulates lipogenesis
c) stimulates glycogenesis
d) inhibits gluconeogenesis
a) stimulates protein synthesis
b) stimulates lipogenesis
c) stimulates glycogenesis
d) inhibits gluconeogenesis
Choose the best match for each term. Options: defect in myostatin gene, defect in gene that codes for leptin, injection of EGF, injection of bone growth hormone, injection of porcine somatotropin
double-muscled cattle
defect in myostatin gene
Choose the best match for each term. Options: defect in myostatin gene, defect in gene that codes for leptin, injection of EGF, injection of bone growth hormone, injection of porcine somatotropin
obese “ob” mice
defect in gene that codes for leptin
Choose the best match for each term. Options: defect in myostatin gene, defect in gene that codes for leptin, injection of EGF, injection of bone growth hormone, injection of porcine somatotropin
“Bioclip” (cheating without clippers)
injection of EGF
Choose the best match for each term. Options: defect in myostatin gene, defect in gene that codes for leptin, injection of EGF, injection of bone growth hormone, injection of porcine somatotropin
enhanced milk yield
injection of bovine growth hormone
Choose the best match for each term. Options: defect in myostatin gene, defect in gene that codes for leptin, injection of EGF, injection of bone growth hormone, injection of porcine somatotropin
increased loin eye area and reduced back fat thickness
injection of porcine somatotropin
The 3 types of salivary glands are the ____________ , which lie below the tongue, the _________ , which lie below the jaw, and the ___________ , which lie posterior to the oral cavity.
sublingual; submandibular; parotid
For food to pass from the esophagus into the stomach, the ________ __________ sphincter needs to relax its tone. To leave the stomach and enter into the duodenum, the __________ sphincter has to relax its tone.
lower esophageal (cardiac sphincter); pyloric
Match the description on the left with the correct gut hormone from the list. Options are: gastrin, secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin), GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
secreted from the stomach, stimulates acid secretion
gastrin
Match the description on the left with the correct gut hormone from the list. Options are: gastrin, secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin), GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
secreted from the duodenum, stimulates secretion of bicarbonate
secretin
Match the description on the left with the correct gut hormone from the list. Options are: gastrin, secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin), GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
stimulates secretion of bile
CCK (cholecystokinin)
Match the description on the left with the correct gut hormone from the list. Options are: gastrin, secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin), GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
slows gastric motility
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
Match the cells of the gastric glands on the left to their correct function on the right. Options: secrete HCl, secrete pepsinogen, secrete mucus, secrete gastrin
parietal cells
secrete HCl
Match the cells of the gastric glands on the left to their correct function on the right. Options: secrete HCl, secrete pepsinogen, secrete mucus, secrete gastrin
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
Match the cells of the gastric glands on the left to their correct function on the right. Options: secrete HCl, secrete pepsinogen, secrete mucus, secrete gastrin
mucous neck cells
secrete mucus
Match the cells of the gastric glands on the left to their correct function on the right. Options: secrete HCl, secrete pepsinogen, secrete mucus, secrete gastrin
enteroendocrine cells
secrete gastrin
The secretion of gastric juice is controlled by both nerves and hormones. Gastric secretion includes 3 phases, based on where the regulatory stimuli originate. The phase that involves stretch receptors in the stomach and stimulates stomach secretory activity is the ___________ phase. The phase that involves sight, taste or smell of food and stimulates stomach secretory activity is the ___________ phase. The phase that involves detection of high fat content in the digesta and inhibits stomach secretory activity is the ____________ phase.
gastric; cephalic; intestinal
In the diagram below, the diagram on the left (white background) shows the _____________________ and the diagram on the right (blue background) shows the ___________________ .
small intestine; large intestine
Glycogen is a polymer of _______.
glucose
What organ produces bile salts?
liver
A receptor is a protein that binds a __________ with high ____________ and low capacity; it must be __________ .
ligand; affinity; saturable
