Exam 2 - Book Questions Flashcards
Endocrine glands ________.
a. secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the
target organs
b. release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
c. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the
bloodstream
d. include sebaceous glands and sweat glands
c. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the
bloodstream
Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.
a. autocrine
b. paracrine
c. endocrine
d. neuron
b. paracrine
A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.
a. melatonin
b. thyroid hormone
c. growth hormone
d. insulin
b. thyroid hormone
A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?
a. The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor.
b. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.
c. Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced.
d. The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated.
b. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.
A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?
a) humoral
b) hormonal
c) neural
d) positive feedback
c) neural
The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________.
a. blood vessels
b. nerve axons
c. cartilage
d. bone
b. nerve axons
Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
a. ADH
b. oxytocin
c. TSH
d. cortisol
c. TSH
How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 6
c. 2
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?
a. adrenocorticotropic hormone
b. antidiuretic hormone
c. luteinizing hormone
d. all of the above
b. antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?
a. It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx.
b. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it.
c. It manufactures three hormones.
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.
a. TSH from the hypothalamus
b. TSH from the anterior pituitary
c. thyroxine from the anterior pituitary
d. thyroglobulin from the thyroid’s parafollicular
cells
b. TSH from the anterior pituitary
The development of a goiter indicates that ________.
a. the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged
b. there is hypertrophy of the thyroid’s follicle cells
c. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in
the thyroid follicles
d. the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive
growth hormone
c. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in
the thyroid follicles
Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.
a. simple diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. active transport
d. osmosis
c. active transport
When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.
a. urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys
b. a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines
c. the activity of osteoblasts
d. the activity of osteoclasts
d. the activity of osteoclasts
Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?
a. increased bone deposition
b. fractures
c. convulsions
d. all of the above
b. fractures
The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?
a. thyroid
b. liver
c. kidneys
d. hypothalamus
c. kidneys
What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?
a. chromaffin cells
b. neuroglial cells
c. follicle cells
d. oxyphil cells
a. chromaffin cells
Cushing’s disease is a disorder caused by ________.
a. abnormally low levels of cortisol
b. abnormally high levels of cortisol
c. abnormally low levels of aldosterone
d. abnormally high levels of aldosterone
b. abnormally high levels of cortisol
Which of the following responses are not part of the fight-or-flight response?
a. pupil dilation
b. increased oxygen supply to the lungs
c. suppressed digestion
d. reduced mental activity
d. reduced mental activity
What cells secrete melatonin?
a. melanocytes
b. pinealocytes
c. suprachiasmatic nucleus cells
d. retinal cells
b. pinealocytes
The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.
a. declining levels of light
b. exposure to bright light
c. the secretion of serotonin
d. the activity of pinealocytes
b. exposure to bright light
The gonads produce what class of hormones?
a. amine hormones
b. peptide hormones
c. steroid hormones
d. catecholamines
c. steroid hormones
The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?
a. estrogens
b. progesterone
c. relaxin
d. inhibin
d. inhibin
The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.
a. prepare the breasts for lactation
b. nourish the placenta
c. regulate the menstrual cycle
d. all of the above
a. prepare the breasts for lactation
If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?
a. somatostatin
b. pancreatic polypeptide
c. insulin
d. glucagon
d. glucagon
Which of the following statements about insulin is true?
a. Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane.
b. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
c. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.
d. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.
b. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
The walls of the atria produce which hormone?
a. cholecystokinin
b. atrial natriuretic peptide
c. renin
d. calcitriol
b. atrial natriuretic peptide
The end result of the RAAS is to ________.
a. reduce blood volume
b. increase blood glucose
c. reduce blood pressure
d. increase blood pressure
d. increase blood pressure
Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.
a. blood calcium levels
b. secretion of growth hormone
c. blood oxygen levels
d. muscle mass
c. blood oxygen levels
Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.
a. development of T cells
b. preparation of the body for childbirth
c. regulation of appetite
d. release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
a. development of T cells
The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?
a. oral ectoderm
b. neural ectoderm
c. mesoderm
d. endoderm
a. oral ectoderm
In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes _____________.
a. increased tolerance for cold
b. decreased basal metabolic rate
c. decreased body fat
d. osteoporosis
b. decreased basal metabolic rate
Which of these ingredients in saliva is responsible for activating salivary amylase?
a. mucus
b. phosphate ions
c. chloride ions
d. urea
c. chloride ions
Which of these statements about the pharynx is true?
a. It extends from the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the esophagus anteriorly.
b. The oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx.
c. The nasopharynx is involved in digestion.
d. The laryngopharynx is composed partially of
cartilage.
b. The oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx.
Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm?
a. esophageal hiatus
b. cardiac orifice
c. upper esophageal sphincter
d. lower esophageal sphincter
a. esophageal hiatus
Which phase of deglutition involves contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis?
a. voluntary phase
b. buccal phase
c. pharyngeal phase
d. esophageal phase
d. esophageal phase
Which of these cells secrete hormones?
a. parietal cells
b. mucous neck cells
c. enteroendocrine cells
d. chief cells
c. enteroendocrine cells
Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?
a. fundus and body
b. cardia and fundus
c. body and pylorus
d. body
a. fundus and body
During gastric emptying, chyme is released into the duodenum through the ________.
a. esophageal hiatus
b. pyloric antrum
c. pyloric canal
d. pyloric sphincter
d. pyloric sphincter
Parietal cells secrete ________.
a. gastrin
b. hydrochloric acid
c. pepsin
d. pepsinogen
b. hydrochloric acid
In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?
a. stomach
b. proximal small intestine
c. distal small intestine
d. ascending colon
b. proximal small intestine
Which of these is most associated with villi?
a. haustra
b. lacteals
c. bacterial flora
d. intestinal glands
b. lacteals
What is the role of the small intestine’s MALT?
a. secreting mucus
b. buffering acidic chyme
c. activating pepsin
d. preventing bacteria from entering the
bloodstream
d. preventing bacteria from entering the
bloodstream
Which part of the large intestine attaches to the appendix?
a. cecum
b. ascending colon
c. transverse colon
d. descending colon
a. cecum
Which of these statements about bile is true?
a. About 500 mL is secreted daily.
b. Its main function is the denaturation of proteins.
c. It is synthesized in the gallbladder.
d. Bile salts are recycled.
d. Bile salts are recycled.
Pancreatic juice ________.
a. deactivates bile.
b. is secreted by pancreatic islet cells.
c. buffers chyme.
d. is released into the cystic duct.
c. buffers chyme.
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
a. mouth
b. esophagus
c. stomach
d. small intestine
a. mouth
Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?
a. pancreatic amylase
b. trypsin
c. sucrase
d. pancreatic nuclease
b. trypsin
Where are most fat-digesting enzymes produced?
a. small intestine
b. gallbladder
c. liver
d. pancreas
d. pancreas
Which of these nutrients is absorbed mainly in the duodenum?
a. glucose
b. iron
c. sodium
d. water
b. iron
Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure?
a. mouth
b. salivary glands
c. pancreas
d. liver
a. mouth
Which of the following organs is supported by a layer of adventitia rather than serosa?
a. esophagus
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. large intestine
a. esophagus
Which of the following membranes covers the stomach?
a. falciform ligament
b. mesocolon
c. parietal peritoneum
d. visceral peritoneum
d. visceral peritoneum
Which of these processes occurs in the mouth?
a. ingestion
b. mechanical digestion
c. chemical digestion
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of these processes occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal?
a. ingestion
b. propulsion
c. segmentation
d. absorption
b. propulsion
Which of the following stimuli activates sensors in the walls of digestive organs?
a. breakdown products of digestion
b. distension
c. pH of chyme
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of these statements about reflexes in the GI tract is false?
a. Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
b. Short reflexes are mediated by the enteric nervous system.
c. Food that distends the stomach initiates long reflexes.
d. Long reflexes can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract.
a. Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
