Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro > Exam 2: Public Health And Harm Studies > Flashcards

Exam 2: Public Health And Harm Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Who was first to recognize epidemic vs. endemic?

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the Elizabethan poor act?

A

Legislation that attempted to care for poor in 17th century England that had increased in number after the collapse of the feudal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who composed Bills of Mortality- first vital statistics ever compiled

A

John Graunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are vital statistics?

A

recordings of the birth and death of individuals within a government’s jurisdiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Workhouse reforms were called for by ______.

A

Edwin Chadwik

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Workhouse reform was influenced by what writing?

A

Dickens Oliver Twist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A

The first public health nurse, famous for her work in the Crimean war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epidemics in early America were associated with _____ and ______.

A

urbanization and immigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHat establishment became the US public Health services?

A

Marine hospital service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who directs the US Public Health Service?

A

The surgeon general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was established in the US in an attempt to overcome depression era hardships?

A

Social security act
Medicare
Medicaid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

An agency of the United Nations whose motto is that “health is a basic human right”

A

World Health Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The organization whose goal is to improve health and living standards in the Americas

A

Pan American Health Organization

NOTE: became a regional office of WHO, however retains own identity and mission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Organization whose mission is to protect the rights of children

A

UNICEF - united nations children’s fund

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid

A

USAID - US agency for international development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The largest health program worldwide

A

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is under the direction of whom?

A

DHHS secretary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some examples of agencies within DHHS?

A

USPHS - US public health services
FDA - Food and drug administration
CDC - center for disease control
NIH - national institutes for health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Principal agency in the United States government for protecting the health and safety of all Americans

A

CDC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation

A

FDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable

A

FDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

funds more that 6 billion in research per year

A

NIH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is primary health care?

A

Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the essential components of primary care?

A
  1. Education on health problems and the methods of preventing/controlling them.
  2. Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition.
  3. An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
  4. Maternal and child health care, including family planning
  5. Immunization against major infectious diseases
  6. Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
  7. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
  8. Provision of essential drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Program managed by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (under DHHS) that sets science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans.

A

Healthy people 20/20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Largest organization of public health professionals worldwide with a. Section for Chiropractic Health Care

A

American public health association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some achievements of Public Health?

A
  • Deaths from infectious diseases declined in U.S. in 20th century
  • Impact of vaccines
  • Motor vehicle safety
  • Improvements in workplace safety
  • Control of infectious disease
  • Decrease in deaths due to coronary heart disease and stroke
  • Safer, healthier foods
  • Healthier mothers and babies
  • Family Planning
  • Fluoridation of Drinking Water
  • Recognition of hazards of tobacco
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems.

A

Epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the study of why things occur, the study of causation

A

Etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

made the observation that cowpox and smallpox are closely related. Responsible for prevention of smallpox by vaccinating with cowpox

A

Edward Jenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

made the observation that outbreak of cholera was linked to public
water pump, and ended the epidemic by removing pump handle

A

John snow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Factors necessary for disease transmission

A
  • Pathogenic organism (microbe)
  • Reactive host (susceptible human or animal)
  • Environmental conditions (allow host and pathogen to come together)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Method of disease transmission by Person to person contact (touching, kissing, sexual contact)

A

Direct transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mechanism of disease transmission by contaminated food or water or contact with inanimate object

A

Indirect transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Objects or materials that are likely to carry infection

A

Fomite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Mechanism of disease transmission by insect or arachnid

A

Vector transmission

37
Q

Type of host:pathogen relationship in which both (or all) organisms benefit

A

Mutualistic

38
Q

Type of host:pathogen relationship in which there is no obvious benefit for
organisms involved

A

Commensal

39
Q

Type of host:pathogen relationship in which only one partner benefits at the expense of the other partner

A

Parasitic

40
Q

long term host of pathogen of an infectious disease, usually without
injury to itself and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected

A

Reservoir

41
Q

Inanimate reservoir of infection can be primary or secondary. What is the difference?

A

Primary reservoir contains microbes that are viable and multiply (ex: food, soil)
Secondary reservoir contains microbes that do not multiply (ex: air, soil)

42
Q

Living reservoirs of infection can be ____ or _____

A

Human or animal

43
Q

any infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals, both wild and domestic, to humans

A

Zoonosis

44
Q

Risk factors for disease include:

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity (genetics)
  • Nutrition
  • Pre-existing disease
  • Occupation
  • Food and water
45
Q

Pattern of disease where infection is maintained in the population without the need for external
inputs. Constantly present in the population.

A

Endemic

46
Q

Pattern of disease that appears as new cases in the population in a period of time at a rate that substantially exceeds what is “expected”. Higher incidence.

A

Epidemic

47
Q

A small and localized epidemic

A

Outbreak

48
Q

global epidemic of an infectious disease that affects people or animals
over an extensive geographical area

A

Pandemic

49
Q

When a critical portion of a population is immune to a disease, either through natural immunity or vaccination, results in the inability of an infectious disease to spread due to the lack of a critical concentration of susceptible hosts.

A

Herd immunity

50
Q

time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism and when symptoms and signs are first apparent.

A

Incubation period

51
Q

Measurement of the incidence of a disease

A

Morbidity

Measures new events, so is also measure of risk

52
Q

The number of individuals affected at a specific time

A

Prevalence

53
Q

proportion of people who are exposed to the disease during the outbreak who do become sick

A

Attack rate

54
Q

death rate due to a given disease

A

Mortality

Gives information about the severity of the disease

55
Q

assesses the quantity of oxygen needed by

microbes in water

A

BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)

56
Q

Aging of a body of water due to a high BOD

A

Eutrophication

57
Q

Gram negative, lactose fermenting, facultative microbes that produce gas

A

Fecal coliforms

58
Q

What is the goal of coliform testing

A

number of coliforms in drinking water is zero

59
Q

Water treatment systems are tested between 1 to 480 times a month. If collect at least 40 samples per month, system is in violation if over _____ are
coliform positive in one month

A

5%

60
Q

Describe the primary treatment of water?

A

The physical process of removing about 50% of solids in sedimentation tanks

61
Q

After the primary treatment of sewage water, what is the remaining fluid called?

A

Effluent

62
Q

Describe the secondary treatment of water

A

It is a biological process that can be done via two methods: trickling filter or activated sludge process

63
Q

The physical process of primary water treatment reduces BOD by _____

A

25%

64
Q

The process of secondary water treatment where effluent is sprayed over rocks. Organic material adheres to stone and is digested by microbes present in tank

A

Trickling filter

65
Q

The process of secondary water treatment where slime forming bacteria are added to effluent and stirred in aeration tank. Bacteria digest remaining organic material. Following aeration, water is treated chemically or with UV light

A

Activated sludge process

66
Q

Activated sludge process results in a _____ reduction in BOD

A

95%

67
Q

Describe tertiary treatment of water

A

lime or alumimum is added to remove nitrates and phosphates. May also involve filtration where tertiary effluent is dechlorinated by aeration

68
Q

What is a septic system?

A

An individual sewage treatment system that involves anaerobic digestion of raging material. Effluent then overflows into a drain field of soil and gravel to further digest microbes

69
Q

Sterilization by heat treatment of dairy products

A

Pasteurization

70
Q

How is the effectiveness of pasteurization tested?

A

Phosphatase test - enzyme should be destroyed by heat treatment

71
Q

What is the purpose of a harm study?

A

Assess the causal relationship between exposure (treatment) and disease

72
Q

anything that independently affects the exposure and the outcome in a harm study

A

Confounded

73
Q

Hill’s Criteria for Causality outlines the minimal conditions needed to establish a causal relationship
between two items

A
  • Temporal relationship
  • Experimental evidence
  • Dose response relationship
  • Statistical significance
  • Consistency across studies
  • Plausibility
74
Q

What kind of study is prospective (usually but can be retrospective) and can be useful for studying interactive causes of harm?

A

Cohort study

75
Q

What kind of study is retrospective and calculates the odds that a group was or was not exposed to some variable

A

Case control study

76
Q

Relative risk is typically used in what kind of study?

A

Cohort study

77
Q

Odds ratio is typically used in what kind of study?

A

Case control study

78
Q

What does it mean if the relative risk in a cohort study is = 1

A

There is no association between exposure and risk

79
Q

What does it mean if the relative risk in a cohort study is > 1

A

Exposure increase disease risk

80
Q

What does it mean if the relative risk in a cohort study is < 1

A

Exposure reduces disease risk

81
Q

What does it mean if the odds ratio in a case control study =1

A

No association between exposure and risk

82
Q

What does it mean if the odds ratio in a case control study > 1

A

exposure increases disease risk

83
Q

What does it mean if the odds ratio in a case control study < 1

A

exposure reduces disease risk

84
Q

What kind of study draws no comparisons but is useful only in generating hypotheses?

A

Case study (aka case report)

85
Q

Who discovered alternative to using boiling oil to cauterize

wounds?

A

Ambroise Pare

86
Q

Who developed a trial with a series of test groups to determine if lime juice treated scurvy?

A

James Lind

87
Q

What is the difference between subclinical carrier and clinical carrier?

A

Subclinical carrier has mild, not clinical symptoms while clinical carriers are symptomatic

88
Q

Involvement in public health allows chiropractors to:

A

o Promote preventative health care
o Participate in the public health effort
o Interact with a variety of other healthcare professions
o Work within health care system used evidence based approach
o Evaluate and design clinical trials
o Recognize individuals at risk

Micro (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions