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Micro > Exam 2 — Disease transmission, reservoirs, risk factors, disease patterns, and [partial] harm studies > Flashcards

Exam 2 — Disease transmission, reservoirs, risk factors, disease patterns, and [partial] harm studies Flashcards

1
Q

3 factors necessary for disease transmission

A
  1. Pathogenic organism (microbe)
  2. Reactive host (human or animal)
  3. Environmental conditions (allows host and pathogen to get together)
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2
Q

Name the 3 methods of transmission

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
  3. Vector
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3
Q

Person to person contact is what kind of transmission?

A

Direct transmission

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4
Q

In direct transmission of disease, a person can have ______ or _______ types of disease

A

Clinical (symptomatic) or subclinical (mild symptoms)

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5
Q

An individual that does not exhibit symptoms but harbors organism causing disease

A

Carrier

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6
Q

The kind of disease transmission that comes from contaminated food or water or fomite

A

Indirect transmission

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7
Q

Fomite

A

Inanimate object

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8
Q

Disease transmission method that comes from mosquitos, flies, ticks, etc

A

Vector transmission

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9
Q

Type of symobiosis in which all parties benefit

A

Mutualistic

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10
Q

Type of symobiosis in which there is no obvious benefit for involved parties

A

Commesalistic

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11
Q

Type of symobiosis in which 1 party benefits and 1 party definitely does not benefit

A

Parasitic

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12
Q

Long term host of pathogen from infectious disease, usually without injury to itself and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected

A

Reservoir/source

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13
Q

Inanimate reservoirs: primary vs secondary

A

Primary: food, soil — microbes are viable and have the capacity to multiply

Secondary: air, soil — viable, do not multiply

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14
Q

Living reservoirs of infection include:

A

Humans and zoonosis (non-human animals)

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15
Q

Risk for disease are impacted by these 7 factors:

A
  • age
  • gender
  • ethnicity (genetics)
  • nutrition/malnutrition
  • pre-existing disease
  • occupation
  • food and water
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16
Q

Disease patterns are categorized (4) as such

A
  • Endemic: constantly present in the population
  • EPIdemic: disease that exceeds expectations
  • Outbreak: small, localized EPIdemic
    Pandemic
  • Herd immunity: the more people are immune to disease, the less likely of disease outbreak
17
Q

What assesses the quantity of oxygen needed by microbes in water?

A

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

18
Q

High BOD results in

A

Aging of body of water

19
Q

Eutrophication

A

Aging of body of water

20
Q

Goal for coliforms in drinking water

A

0

21
Q

Water system is in violation if there is over __% coliform positive in a month

A

5%

22
Q

Gram positive

A

Positively blue over you

23
Q

Removal of solids in sedimentation tanks is done by what kind of treatment

A

Primary

24
Q

Effluent sprayed over rocks. Organic material adheres to stone and is digested by microbes present in tank. Slime is added and bacteria digest organic material which reduces BOD. After aeration, water is treated chemically or with UV light and released — this is what kind of sewage treatment?

A

Secondary treatment

25
Q

What is tertiary treatment?

A

Add lime or alum to remove nitrates and phosphates.

26
Q

What is the downside to tertiary treatment?

A

Expensive

27
Q

Septic tanks are only effective for

A

Small amounts of sewage

28
Q

How do you do pasteurization?

A

Old: 30 mins at 62˚C
New: 15 seconds at 72˚C

29
Q

How do you know pasteurization was effective?

A

Use phosphatase test — enzymes should be destroyed

30
Q

Involvement in public health allows chiros to:

A
  • Promote preventative
  • Participate in public health efforts
  • Interact with other healthcare professionals
  • Work within health care system using evidence based approach
  • Evaluation and design clinical trials
  • Recognize individuals at risk
31
Q

How do you measure disease occurrence?

A
  • Morbidity (incidence of disease)
  • Mortality
  • Prevalence
32
Q

What do harm studies do?

A

Assess the causal relationship between exposure (treatment) and disease

33
Q

What is a confounder?

A

Anything that independently affects the exposure and the outcome

34
Q

Who discovered alternative to using boiling oil to cauterize wounds?

A

Ambroise Pare

35
Q

Who developed a trial with a series of test groups to determine if lime juice treated scurvy?

A

James Lind

36
Q

Hill’s 6 Criteria for Causality

A
  1. Temporal relationship
  2. Experimental evidence
  3. Dose response relationship
  4. Statistical significance
  5. Consistency across studies
  6. Plausibility
37
Q

What study is useful for studying interactive causes of harm

A

Cohort study

Micro (19 decks)

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