Exam #2 - most important

Question 1

basic building blocks

Answer 1

cells are the fundamental building blocks of the human body

Question 2

characteristics of cells

Answer 2

all cells share certain traits, such as DNA, a plasma membrane, and typically being too small to see without a microscope

Question 3

Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

prokaryotic - simple, lack nucleus but have ribosomes
eukaryotic - more complex, membrane-bound organelles

Question 4

plasma membrane

Answer 4

regulates the passage of substances in and out of cells

Question 5

cytoskeleton

Answer 5

provides cell structure, enables movement and assists with cell division. Actin filaments are key in cell movement

Question 6

nucleus

Answer 6

controls cellular activities via the endomembrane system and contains DNA

Question 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 7

rough - involved in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids

Question 8

golgi apparatus

Answer 8

modifies and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or transport

Question 9

lysosomes

Answer 9

responsible for digesting cellular waste and foreign invaders. they also play a role in autophagy - they do not synthesize proteins

Question 10

electron microscope

Answer 10

provides higher magnification by using beams of electrons

Question 11

transport mechanisms

Answer 11

Movement across cell membranes includes diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and
bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)

Question 12

types of membrane proteins

Answer 12

Integral proteins, carrier proteins, and channel proteins play roles in
transporting substances across membranes

Question 13

membrane structure

Answer 13

Described by the “fluid mosaic model.”
phospholipid bilayer

Question 14

cell junctions

Answer 14

Tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes facilitate communication and structural
integrity in animal cells

Question 15

mitochondria and ATP production

Answer 15

Mitochondria are the site of ATP production via cellular respiration

Question 16

cellular respiration

Answer 16

A multistep process involving glycolysis (in the cytoplasm), the Citric Acid Cycle (in the
mitochondrial matrix), and oxidative phosphorylation (involving the electron transport chain)

Question 17

glycolysis

Answer 17

Produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.

Question 18

citric acid cycle

Answer 18

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces molecules for the electron transport chain.

Question 19

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 19

Uses the movement of hydrogen ions to generate ATP. Oxygen is the final electron
acceptor that makes H2O.

Question 20

role of NADH in cellular respiration

Answer 20

Donates electrons to the electron transport chain

Question 21

ATP function

Answer 21

ATP releases energy when a phosphate group is hydrolyzed and removed

Question 22

fermentation

Answer 22

Allows cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. Lactic acid is a byproduct in muscle cells

Question 23

photosynthesis overview

Answer 23

Takes place in chloroplasts and includes light-dependent reactions (in the
thylakoids) and the Calvin Cycle (in the stroma).

Question 24

light-dependent reactions

Answer 24

Take place in the thylakoid membrane, where water is split to release O₂ and
provide electrons

Question 25

role of water in photosynthesis

Answer 25

provides electrons for Photosystem II and releases oxygen

Question 26

calvin cycle - light independent

Answer 26

Occurs in the chloroplast stroma, where G3P is produced and used to form
glucose. Requires six turns of the cycle to make one glucose molecule

Question 27

role of pigments

Answer 27

Chlorophyll a is primarily responsible for absorbing light.

Question 28

products of photosynthesis

Answer 28

Oxygen and glucose are the main products

Question 29

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 29

Explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 30

plant cell structures

Answer 30

unique structures in plant cells include chloroplasts, the central vacuole, and cell walls

Question 31

intercellular junctions in plants

Answer 31

plasmodesmata in plant cells enable communication