Exam #2 - most important Flashcards
(31 cards)
basic building blocks
cells are the fundamental building blocks of the human body
characteristics of cells
all cells share certain traits, such as DNA, a plasma membrane, and typically being too small to see without a microscope
Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic - simple, lack nucleus but have ribosomes
eukaryotic - more complex, membrane-bound organelles
plasma membrane
regulates the passage of substances in and out of cells
cytoskeleton
provides cell structure, enables movement and assists with cell division. Actin filaments are key in cell movement
nucleus
controls cellular activities via the endomembrane system and contains DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
rough - involved in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids
golgi apparatus
modifies and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or transport
lysosomes
responsible for digesting cellular waste and foreign invaders. they also play a role in autophagy - they do not synthesize proteins
electron microscope
provides higher magnification by using beams of electrons
transport mechanisms
Movement across cell membranes includes diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and
bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)
types of membrane proteins
Integral proteins, carrier proteins, and channel proteins play roles in
transporting substances across membranes
membrane structure
Described by the “fluid mosaic model.”
phospholipid bilayer
cell junctions
Tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes facilitate communication and structural
integrity in animal cells
mitochondria and ATP production
Mitochondria are the site of ATP production via cellular respiration
cellular respiration
A multistep process involving glycolysis (in the cytoplasm), the Citric Acid Cycle (in the
mitochondrial matrix), and oxidative phosphorylation (involving the electron transport chain)
glycolysis
Produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.
citric acid cycle
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces molecules for the electron transport chain.
oxidative phosphorylation
Uses the movement of hydrogen ions to generate ATP. Oxygen is the final electron
acceptor that makes H2O.
role of NADH in cellular respiration
Donates electrons to the electron transport chain
ATP function
ATP releases energy when a phosphate group is hydrolyzed and removed
fermentation
Allows cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. Lactic acid is a byproduct in muscle cells
photosynthesis overview
Takes place in chloroplasts and includes light-dependent reactions (in the
thylakoids) and the Calvin Cycle (in the stroma).
light-dependent reactions
Take place in the thylakoid membrane, where water is split to release O₂ and
provide electrons
