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Bio 100 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of living organisms

A

order
reproduction
growth & development
energy processing
regulation/homeostasis
response to stimuli/environment
evolutionary adaptation

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2
Q

cell: basic unit of life

A
  • smallest unit capable of life functions
    growth, metabolism, response to stimuli, reproduction
  • higher levels of organization (tissues, organs) are built from cells
  • only eukaryotic cells (like plants and animals) have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells (like bacteria) do not
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3
Q

understanding evolution

A

evolution is the process by which species change over time through adaptation and natural selection
- evolution does not mean species stay the same; it reflects ongoing change. this change is driven by natural factors, such as mutations, genetic drift and environmental pressures

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4
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

phylogenetic trees represent the evolutionary relationships among species

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5
Q

branch points

A

represent the most recent common ancestor of the species diverging from that point
shows how species are related through evolution

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6
Q

sources of genetic variation

A

crucial for evolution and adaptation. Adaptations occur due to genetic variations and environmental pressures, not an organism’s needs
natural selection - environmental survival pressures, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation

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7
Q

unifying themes of biology

A

important theme for diversity - evolution: explains the variety and complexity of life on earth

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8
Q

the scientific method

A

a systematic approach to investigation and discovery in science
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis formation
4. prediction
5. experiment
6. interpretation/ data analysis
7. conclusion/ new questions

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9
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; found in bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles found in plants, animals, fungi and protists

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11
Q

prokaryotic & eukaryotic

A

have ribosomes and DNA

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12
Q

protons

A

positively charges particles found in the nucleus

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13
Q

neutrons

A

neutrally charged particles in the nucleus

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14
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus

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15
Q

covalent bonds

A

form when atoms share electron pairs (strong bonds)

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16
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

the shared electrons have an unequal distribution, which leads to partial positive and negative regions on the molecule

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17
Q

non-polar covalent bonds

A

the shared electrons have an equal distribution

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18
Q

ionic bonds

A

ions that attract each other because of opposite charges

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19
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

bonds that occur between polar molecules (like water), contributing to properties like cohesion. The partial negative and partial positive charges on a molecule attract to each other

20
Q

strongest bonds

A

covalent bonds - —– ionic bonds —- hydrogen

21
Q

carbohydrates

A

used primarily for energy storage (glucose, starch)

22
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars, like glucose (building blocks)

23
Q

polysaccharides

A

complex carbs like starch

24
Q

proteins

A

made up of amino acids; responsible for structure, function and regulation of body tissues and organs

25
Q

amino acids

A

20 different amino acids, some are hydrophobic, some are hydrophilic. they are the building blocks of proteins

26
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic molecules, important for long-term energy storage and cell membrane structure (fats, oils)
fatty acids - building blocks
fats
phospholipids
steroids

27
Q

Nucleic Acids: DNA stores genetic information and RNA transmits genetic information for protein synthesis

A

DNA base pairs: A-T, C-G
RNA base pairs: A-U, C-G

28
Q

Hydrophobic

A

molecules that repel water (lipids, fatty acids)

29
Q

Hydrophilic

A

molecules that attract water (glucose, salts)

30
Q

building blocks

A

mono - single building block
di - two
tri - three
poly - many

31
Q

primary protein structure

A

the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

32
Q

secondary structure

A

alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl regions of the amino acids

33
Q

tertiary structure

A

the interactions between the amino acid side chain facilitate 3D structure

34
Q

quaternary structure

A

multiple folded proteins come together to make a functional protein

35
Q

amino acids

A

the building blocks (monomers) of proteins, linked together by peptide bonds

36
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A

stores genetic information and is responsible for inheritance

37
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A

involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation

38
Q

transcription

A

the process of making RNA from DNA
occurs in the nucleus
mRNA
- capped, tailed, spliced, it is transported to the cytoplasm to be translated

39
Q

RNA polymerase

A

transcription
the enzyme responsible for adding RNA nucleotides and transcribing the DNA into RNA

40
Q

Transcription factors

A

proteins that help initiate transcription by recruiting RNA polymerase to the promoter region

41
Q

mRNA processing

A

cap and tail: added to protect mRNA from degradation
splicing: removal of introns (non-coding sequences) and joining of exons (coding sequences)

42
Q

translation

A

the process of synthesizing a polypeptide chain (protein) mRNA. Involves ribosomes, tRNA and mRNA

43
Q

ribosomes

A

translation
organelles that carry out protein synthesis

44
Q

codons

A

translation
three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that code for amino acids

45
Q

start codon

A

translation
AUG (signals the start)

46
Q

stop codons

A

trigger the release factor to bind the ribosome and stops translation

47
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into the growing polypeptide chain

Bio 100 (7 decks)

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