EXAM 2 Medical Micro Review Intro Flashcards by Sarah King

Nonpathogenic microorganisms adapted to grow on body surfaces of the host, forming part of the normal flora

Commensals (Colonizers)

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What are commensals?

nonpathogenic (don’t cause disease) organisms that grow normally on our body, help in many ways

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what body surfaces are Commensals (Colonizers)

found on

Skin

Mucous membranes

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Commensals (Colonizers) examples of mutualistic relationship (4)

Digestive aids
Prevents excessive overgrowth of dangerous bacteria
Maintains protective acid pH of natural barriers
Synthesis of essential metabolites

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Microorganisms that do not usually produce disease in healthy individuals, but are implicated in human infections when the host is weakened or compromised

Opportunists

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what are opportunists?

don’t typically cause disease in healthy patients but can cause disease when patients immune status becomes compromised

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example of when commensals cause infection

when antibiotics cause change in normal flora concentrations (yeast infection would be an example)

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opportunists that are Transient visitors of the respiratory tract (5)

Strep pneumoniae,
Group A Strep,
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae

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opportunists that are Normal residents of the GI tract (3)

Escherichia coli,

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii

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Microorganisms that can produce disease or tissue damage by their mere presence regardless of the condition of the host

True Pathogens

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what are true pathogens?

can cause disease in anyone- healthy or unhealthy

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examples of true pathogens? (5)

Staphylococcus aureus
Salmonella enterica Typhi, S. Enteriditis
Treponema pallidum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Shigella

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5 examples of bacteria that are Infectious diseases in human transmitted from animals

Yersinia pestis- pneumonic plague
Francisella tularensis:
Vibrio cholerae - Cholera
T. pallidum- Syphilis
Variola -Smallpox or Polio virus

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how is Yersinia pestis transmitted to humans

from rodents to fleas to humans

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what bacteria causes the pneumonic plague

Yersinia pestis

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how is Francisella tularensis transmitted to humans

Insects to animals which contaminates man handling animal carcass
(hunters are an example)

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HOW IS Vibrio cholerae spread?

GI disease spread through consumption of contaminated water

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Factors Accounting for the Virulence of Bacteria (7)

Capsules – (Antiphagocytic)
Spores 
High lipid content in cell wall
Pili
Exotoxins
Enzymes
Endotoxins (Lipopolysaccharide)

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Two Major Types of Immunity

innate immunity

adaptive immunity

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immunity type that is Natural Barriers to microbial invasion

Innate immunity

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immunity type that is Always present (do not require previous encounter with microbe)

Innate immunity

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innate immunity has what kind of defenses?

External natural defenses include mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers

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how is the response time in innate immunity?

minutes to hours

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innate immunity components

Phagocytic cells (monocytes, PMN’s)
agglutinins (clumping)
activated complement (opsonization)
cytokines (protein messengers which limit microbial growth)
 reticuloendothelial system (filter)

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type of immunity that has “Tailored response” to invading microbe

Adaptive immunity

how is the response time in adaptive immunity?

Initial response slow (week or more to develop)

hallmarks of Adaptive immunity

specificity and memory

2 agranulocytes

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

3 Granulocytes

Neutrophils Basophils response Eosinophils

neutrophils are associated with?

bacterial infections

if a bacteria is more virulent, what does that mean?

more potential to cause infection

basophils are associated with?

allergy/antigen response

Eosinophils are associated with?

viral/parasitic infection and allergic response

Lymphocytes | associated with antibody response

B lymphocytes

Lymphocytes | associated with recognizing non-self via antigen and major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Natural killer cells

T lymphocytes

monocytes can differentiate into

phagocytes

response time of monocytes

fast

the body’s primary defense against bacterial infection.

Neutrophils (WBC’s)

Segmented neutrophils are what form?

mature

Banded neutrophils are what form?

immature

what test Shows us band vs segmented amounts of neutrophils?

CBC (complete blood count) with differential

what is left shift?

means an increase in the relative number of immature forms of neutrophils (>10%)

what is left shift a clinical marker of?

Clinical marker of acute inflammation/ infection

So is “left shift” always a sign of disease?

no, not always infections, can be secondary inflammatory response

hose defenses in skin

Acid pH from normal flora and sebaceous gland secretions

hose defenses in Mucous membranes

Mucus (moistens and protects) Lysozymes Secretory antibodies (IgA)

hose defenses in Respiratory tract

Cilary action move particles out of the lung Cough reflex Mucous membranes protective factors

hose defenses in Gastrointestinal tract

Peristalsis -> movement of contents Saliva Stomach acid Proteolytic digestive enzymes Lysozymes and Secretory IgA

hose defenses in Genitourinary tract

Urine production provides flushing of microbes Vaginal pH (acidic) Mucous membranes

hose defenses in blood

WBC’s antibodies (IgG, IgM) complement Reticuloendothelial system ``` Migrating RES (monocytes and macrophages) Sessile RES (Kupffer cells and spleen) ```

Most Useful Nomenclature | for Classification of Bacteria (3)

Gram Stain Shape and configuration Growth requirements

the following bacteria are examples of what type of bacteria? ``` Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Ureaplasma spp. Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis Legionella pneumophila ```

atypical

bacteria that don’t, or are difficult to stain and often require special culture media

atypical

important characteristic of gram positive bacteria

thick peptidoglycan layer

important characteristics of gram negative bacteria

thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, and proteins

does gram positive bacteria hold a gram stain?

yes

does gram negative bacteria hold a gram stain?

why do gram negative bacteria not hold a gram stain?

thin peptidoglycan layer

when Beta lactamase breaks down antibiotics this causes _____.

resistance

Why do we care about all these differences between types of organisms?

because we need to classify and identify organisms so we can use appropriate antibiotics

How do we determine what organism is potentially causing disease? (3)

Symptoms/Physical Exam Environment of patient Tests

3 characteristics of gram stain

Informative (stain and morphology) Rapid Cheap