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MUSC Pharmacology > EXAM 2 Medical Micro Review Intro > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Medical Micro Review Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Nonpathogenic microorganisms adapted to grow on body surfaces of the host, forming part of the normal flora

A

Commensals (Colonizers)

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2
Q

What are commensals?

A

nonpathogenic (don’t cause disease) organisms that grow normally on our body, help in many ways

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3
Q

what body surfaces are Commensals (Colonizers)

found on

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

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4
Q

Commensals (Colonizers) examples of mutualistic relationship (4)

A

Digestive aids
Prevents excessive overgrowth of dangerous bacteria
Maintains protective acid pH of natural barriers
Synthesis of essential metabolites

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5
Q

Microorganisms that do not usually produce disease in healthy individuals, but are implicated in human infections when the host is weakened or compromised

A

Opportunists

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6
Q

what are opportunists?

A

don’t typically cause disease in healthy patients but can cause disease when patients immune status becomes compromised

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7
Q

example of when commensals cause infection

A

when antibiotics cause change in normal flora concentrations (yeast infection would be an example)

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8
Q

opportunists that are Transient visitors of the respiratory tract (5)

A

Strep pneumoniae,
Group A Strep,
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae

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9
Q

opportunists that are Normal residents of the GI tract (3)

A

Escherichia coli,

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii

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10
Q

Microorganisms that can produce disease or tissue damage by their mere presence regardless of the condition of the host

A

True Pathogens

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11
Q

what are true pathogens?

A

can cause disease in anyone- healthy or unhealthy

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12
Q

examples of true pathogens? (5)

A 
Staphylococcus aureus
Salmonella enterica Typhi, S. Enteriditis
Treponema pallidum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Shigella
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13
Q

5 examples of bacteria that are Infectious diseases in human transmitted from animals

A
  1. Yersinia pestis- pneumonic plague
  2. Francisella tularensis:
  3. Vibrio cholerae - Cholera
  4. T. pallidum- Syphilis
  5. Variola -Smallpox or Polio virus
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14
Q

how is Yersinia pestis transmitted to humans

A

from rodents to fleas to humans

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15
Q

what bacteria causes the pneumonic plague

A

Yersinia pestis

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16
Q

how is Francisella tularensis transmitted to humans

A

Insects to animals which contaminates man handling animal carcass
(hunters are an example)

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17
Q

HOW IS Vibrio cholerae spread?

A

GI disease spread through consumption of contaminated water

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18
Q

Factors Accounting for the Virulence of Bacteria (7)

A 
Capsules – (Antiphagocytic)
Spores 
High lipid content in cell wall
Pili
Exotoxins
Enzymes
Endotoxins (Lipopolysaccharide)
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19
Q

Two Major Types of Immunity

A

innate immunity

adaptive immunity

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20
Q

immunity type that is Natural Barriers to microbial invasion

A

Innate immunity

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21
Q

immunity type that is Always present (do not require previous encounter with microbe)

A

Innate immunity

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22
Q

innate immunity has what kind of defenses?

A

External natural defenses include mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers

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23
Q

how is the response time in innate immunity?

A

minutes to hours

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24
Q

innate immunity components

A 
Phagocytic cells (monocytes, PMN’s)
agglutinins (clumping)
activated complement (opsonization)
cytokines (protein messengers which limit microbial growth)
 reticuloendothelial system (filter)
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25
Q

type of immunity that has “Tailored response” to invading microbe

A

Adaptive immunity

26
Q

how is the response time in adaptive immunity?

A

Initial response slow (week or more to develop)

27
Q

hallmarks of Adaptive immunity

A

specificity and memory

28
Q

2 agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

29
Q

3 Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils response
Eosinophils

30
Q

neutrophils are associated with?

A

bacterial infections

31
Q

if a bacteria is more virulent, what does that mean?

A

more potential to cause infection

32
Q

basophils are associated with?

A

allergy/antigen response

33
Q

Eosinophils are associated with?

A

viral/parasitic infection and allergic response

34
Q

Lymphocytes

associated with antibody response

A

B lymphocytes

35
Q

Lymphocytes

associated with recognizing non-self via antigen and major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Natural killer cells

A

T lymphocytes

36
Q

monocytes can differentiate into

A

phagocytes

37
Q

response time of monocytes

A

fast

38
Q

the body’s primary defense against bacterial infection.

A

Neutrophils (WBC’s)

39
Q

Segmented neutrophils are what form?

A

mature

40
Q

Banded neutrophils are what form?

A

immature

41
Q

what test Shows us band vs segmented amounts of neutrophils?

A

CBC (complete blood count) with differential

42
Q

what is left shift?

A

means an increase in the relative number of immature forms of neutrophils (>10%)

43
Q

what is left shift a clinical marker of?

A

Clinical marker of acute inflammation/ infection

44
Q

So is “left shift” always a sign of disease?

A

no, not always infections, can be secondary inflammatory response

45
Q

hose defenses in skin

A

Acid pH from normal flora and sebaceous gland secretions

46
Q

hose defenses in Mucous membranes

A

Mucus (moistens and protects)
Lysozymes
Secretory antibodies (IgA)

47
Q

hose defenses in Respiratory tract

A

Cilary action move particles out of the lung
Cough reflex
Mucous membranes protective factors

48
Q

hose defenses in Gastrointestinal tract

A

Peristalsis -> movement of contents

Saliva
Stomach acid
Proteolytic digestive enzymes
Lysozymes and Secretory IgA

49
Q

hose defenses in Genitourinary tract

A

Urine production provides flushing of microbes

Vaginal pH (acidic)

Mucous membranes

50
Q

hose defenses in blood

A

WBC’s
antibodies (IgG, IgM)
complement
Reticuloendothelial system

Migrating RES (monocytes and macrophages)
Sessile RES (Kupffer cells and spleen)
51
Q

Most Useful Nomenclature

for Classification of Bacteria (3)

A

Gram Stain

Shape and configuration

Growth requirements

52
Q

the following bacteria are examples of what type of bacteria?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Ureaplasma spp.
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis
Legionella pneumophila
A

atypical

53
Q

bacteria that don’t, or are difficult to stain and often require special culture media

A

atypical

54
Q

important characteristic of gram positive bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan layer

55
Q

important characteristics of gram negative bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, and proteins

56
Q

does gram positive bacteria hold a gram stain?

A

yes

57
Q

does gram negative bacteria hold a gram stain?

A

no

58
Q

why do gram negative bacteria not hold a gram stain?

A

thin peptidoglycan layer

59
Q

when Beta lactamase breaks down antibiotics this causes _____.

A

resistance

60
Q

Why do we care about all these differences between types of organisms?

A

because we need to classify and identify organisms so we can use appropriate antibiotics

61
Q

How do we determine what organism is potentially causing disease? (3)

A

Symptoms/Physical Exam
Environment of patient
Tests

62
Q

3 characteristics of gram stain

A

Informative (stain and morphology)
Rapid
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MUSC Pharmacology (10 decks)

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