Exam 2: Lecture 13 (Chapter 30) Flashcards
What separates Angiosperms from Gymnosperms
Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
All angiosperms are classified under the _________ phylum
Magnoliophyta
The Stamen of a flower contains the _______ and ______
Anther, Filament
The Carpel of a flower contains the ______, _______, and the ______
Stigma, Style, Ovary
What are the four rings of sporophylls on flowers
- Sepals
- Petals
- Stamens
- Carpals
The function of the ________ are to help attract pollinators
Petals
What is the function of the Sepal
Sepals enclose the plant before it opens
The _______ produce microspores that develop into _________ which contain what?
Stamens, pollen grains, which contain male gametophytes
What is the function of the Carpel in the reproductive flow of flowers
Carpals produce megaspores, which produce the female gametophyte in the flower
What are the two haploid cells contained in the male gametophyte of a flower and what do they do
- Generative cells: divides to form 2 sperm
- Tube Cells: produces the pollen tube
What is double fertilization
When the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte inside the ovule.
What two processes occur during double fertilization
- One of the sperm cells fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote
- the second sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei in the central cell to form a triploid cell
What is the function of the triploid endosperm produced from double fertilization
The endosperm nourishes the developing embryo
What is an imperfect flower and what are the two types
A flower that is missing either its stamens or carpels
1. Dioecious
2. Monoecious
________ flowers have male and female flowers on separate plants
Dioecious
_________ flowers have male and female flowers on the same plant
monecious
What are the two classifications of monocots and dicots, and what do they mean
- Monocots: monophyletic flowers
- Dicots: Polyphyletic flowers
What are the four groups of angiosperms
- Monocots
- Dicots
- Basal Angiosperms
- Magnoliids
What are the characteristics of Monocot flowers
- One cotyledon (embryo)
- Parallel leaf veins
- Scattered vascular tissue
- Fibrous root systems (no main root)
- One pollen grain opening
- Floral organs in multiples of 3
What are the characteristics of Dicot flowers
- Two cotyledons (embryo)
- Netlike veins on leaf
- Ring-like vascular tissue structure
- Taproot system (main root)
- Three openings on pollen grain
- Floral organs in multiples of 4/5
_______ ________ include the oldest known lineage of flowering plants
Basal Angiosperms
_________ include magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants and are more closely related to monocots and dicots
Magnoliids
The process of ________ is the act of transferring pollen grains from a male _______ of a flower to the female _______
Pollination, Anther, Stigma
Define co-evolution
When two interacting species evolve in response to pressures imposed on each other.
- Flower morphology often matches pollinators
Pollination syndrome
Flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors
What are three advantages to being a Generalist flower
- Attracts a wide variety of pollinators
- Change in one species of pollinators does not affect flower species
- Increased chances of pollination
What are three advantages of being a specialist flower (pollination)
- Efficient and targetted pollination
- Strong mutualistic relationships with specific pollinators
- Reduced competition for pollination services
A fruit is a ______-_______ structure that develops from the ________ of a flowering plant
seed-bearing, ovary
What are the three structures in the anatomy of a fruit
Exocarp: Skin
Endocarp: Inner boundary around seed
Mesocarp: Tissue between exocarp and endocarp
Pericarp: All three regions together
What is the difference between fleshy fruits and dry fruits
Fleshy fruits’ mesocarps are partly fleshy at maturity while dry fruits are dry (think acorns)
________ fruits are dry or fleshy and develop from a pistil
Simple fruits
_________ fruits are derived from a single flower with many pistils
Aggregate fruits
How are multiple fruits developed
they develop from the fusion of ovaries from multiple flowers called an inflorescence formation,
ex: pineapples, figs, mulberries, etc….
Name and describe the different classes of simple fleshy fruits
- Berry: from simple or compound ovary, more than one seed and fleshy pericarp
- Drupe: Simple fleshy fruit with single seed that is enclosed by hard/stony
endocarp (peaches, cherry, etc…)
What is the difference between Follicles and Legumes (dehiscent dry fruits)
Follicles split along one side, while legumes split along two sides
