Exam 2: Lecture 12 (Chapter 30)

Question 1

What are gymnosperms

Answer 1

They are vascular plant that reproduce by means of an exposed seed, or ovule

Question 2

What characteristics separate gymnosperms from their evolutionary predecessors?

Answer 2

1. Reduced gametophyte dependency
2. Heterospory
3. Ovules
4. Pollen
5. Seeds

Question 3

What does reduced gametophyte dependecy mean

Answer 3

It means that gymnosperms spend most of their life cycle as a sporophyte, and not a gametophyte.

Question 4

Gymnosperm gametophytes are _______ and _______. They develop from _______ retained within the ______ of the sporophyte

Answer 4

1. Microscopic, dependent
2. Spores, Sporangia

Question 5

Most gymnosperms, and some ferns are _________.

Answer 5

heterosporous

Question 6

What is the structure of an ovule like

Answer 6

The ovule consists of a megaspore within a megasporangium, surrounded by a protective coat of integuments

Question 7

Gymnosperms have _____ integument, whereas angiosperms have ______.

Answer 7

One, Two

Question 8

What separates pollen fertilization from sperm fertilization

Answer 8

Sperm in bryophytes and vascular seedless plants require water for fertilization, while pollen grains do not.

Question 9

Microspores develop into _____ _____ that consist of a male _________ enclosed within the pollen wall

Answer 9

Pollen Grains, gametophyte

Question 10

Pollen grains __________ when they reach the female reproductive structure

Answer 10

Germinate

Question 11

Ovules develop into seeds which are

Answer 11

an embryo with a food supply, packaged in a protective coat.

Question 12

Describe the process of gymnosperm fertilization

Answer 12

Pollen production –> Pollen dispersal (usually by wind) –> Pollen lands on ovule (inside female cone) –> pollen tube formation –> Pollen tube delivers sperm to ovule —> fertilization occurs

Question 13

most gymnosperms are _____ ______ plants called ______ such as pines, firs, and redwoods

Answer 13

cone-bearing, confiers