Chapter 3 & 22

Question 1

What is Biology

Answer 1

The Study of life

Question 2

What is Science

Answer 2

A body of knowledge about the natural world, a collection of unified insights about nature.

Question 3

What is a Theory

Answer 3

A theory is a well-substantiated explanation fo some aspect of ht natural world that incorporates facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypothesis

Question 4

What is the Scientific Method

Answer 4

1. Make Observations
2. Ask well-framed questions about those observations
3. Create a hypothesis
4. Evaluate competing hypotheses by experimenting, observing, and modeling
5. Draw conclusions

Question 5

What are the facts of life

Answer 5

1. Energy Processing
2. Regulation (homeostasis)
3. Response to the environment
4. Growth and Development
5. Order
6. Evolutionary Adaptation

Question 6

How do we organize living things

Answer 6

From most specific to least
Domain –> Kingdom –> Phylum –> Class –> Order –> Family –> Genus –> Species

Question 7

What are the currently recognized kingdoms

Answer 7

Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 8

What are the currently recognized domains

Answer 8

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 9

What is Taxonomy

Answer 9

A method of naming living things.
The name of most species is their Genus + Epithet

Question 10

What are three observations about life

Answer 10

1. Organisms are well suited and adapted to their environments
2. Life shares many unifying characteristics
3. Life is incredibly diverse

Question 11

What were Aristotle’s ideas

Answer 11

Scala Naturae proposed that species are organized into a sequence based on increased sized and complexity, with humans on top

Question 12

What did James Hutton propose

Answer 12

Earths geologic geatures could be explained by gradual mechanisms (valleys formed by rivers, etc..)

Question 13

What did Charles Lyell propose

Answer 13

Inspired by Hutton, proposed that geological processes were operating today in the same rate as in the past.

Question 14

What did Thomas Malthus decide

Answer 14

Essay on population proposed and outlined how human growth is exponential but resources are scarce and linear
- Population checks in the form of competition, hunger, and disease are needed.

Question 15

What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck propose

Answer 15

Hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts.
- Organisms evolve in a single life time to meet their environmental needs, and pass it onto the next generation; the cycle continues

Question 16

Georges Cuvier

Answer 16

The founding figure in paleontology (Study of fossils)

Question 17

What inspired Darwin

Answer 17

Lyell’s principle of Geology, Malthus Principle of Population, And the diversity of plankton in the open ocean

Question 18

What were some of Darwins ideas

Answer 18

Descent with modification, Natural Selection, Common Ancestry, and Adaptation

Question 19

What does descent with modification mean

Answer 19

that Descendants of an ancestral organism lived in various habitats, and accumulated in
diverse modifications (adaptations) that fit
them to specific ways of life

Question 20

What are the observations of Natural Selection

Answer 20

1. Species tend to produce more offspring than necessary
2. Despite mass reproduction, adult populations stay fairly consistent
3. Natural resources are limited and limiting
4. Individuals in a population vary
5. Variation in a population is charitable
6. Humans use artificial selection to select preferred traits

Question 21

What are the 3 main tenets of Natural Selection

Answer 21

1. Individuals with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce more than others
2. Natural selection increases the frequency of adaptations that are favorable in an environment
3. If the environment changes, natural selection may drive adaptations to new conditions (new species may arise)

Question 22

What are accepted pieces of evidence for evolution

Answer 22

1. Anatomical and Molecular homologies
2. Fossils
3. Biogeography
4. Experimental observations

Question 23

What is Homology

Answer 23

Similarities resulting from a common ancestor (similar bone structure)

Question 24

What is Convergent evolution

Answer 24

The evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

Question 25

What are Analogous traits

Answer 25

Traits that arise when groups adapt independently to similar environmentsH

Question 26

Homologous vs Analogous traits

Answer 26

Homologous traits share common ancestry but have different functions, while analogous traits serve similar functions but evolved convergently.