Chapter 13 & 26

Question 1

What are the two types of chromosomes

Answer 1

1. Sex chromosomes (X, Y)
2. Autosomes (the other 22 pairs)

Question 2

what is a karyotpe

Answer 2

An ordered display of all pairs of chromosomes

Question 3

How is Meiosis different than Mitosis

Answer 3

Reduces number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
- Takes place over two cell divisions, resulting in 4 daughter cells

Question 4

What is the protein that holds sister chromatids together during Prophase I

Answer 4

Cohesins

Question 5

Steps of Meiosis I in order

Answer 5

1. Prophase I
2. Metaphase I
3. Anaphase I
4. Telophase I & Cytokinesis

Question 6

Steps of Meiosis II in order

Answer 6

1. Prophase II
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase II
4. Telophase II & Cytokinesis

Question 7

What is the difference between Meiosis I & II

Answer 7

Metaphase I separates homologous chromosomes, while Meiosis II separates sister chromatids

Question 8

How many sets of chromosomes do Gametes contain

Answer 8

1 set

Question 9

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

Answer 9

When another set of DNA is taken up during asexual reproduction

Question 10

What is the role of Meiosis in the Ovaries/Testes

Answer 10

Produces gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 11

Zygote

Answer 11

A fertilized egg

Question 12

Are zygotes diploid or haploid

Answer 12

Diploid, as they are a fusion of two haploid cells.

Question 13

What are Sorophytes

Answer 13

They are cells that produce haploid spores through meiosis

Question 14

What are gameophytes

Answer 14

Spores of sorophytes that grew into a haploid organism through mitosis

Question 15

What is the sexual life cycle of Fungi like

Answer 15

• Only diploid stage is the single-celled zygote
• Haploid cells grow by mitosis into haploid multicellular organisms
• haploid adults produce gametes by mitosis

Question 16

What are the two ways by which biologists group organisms

Answer 16

Systematics and Phylogenies

Question 17

What is Phylogeny, and a Phylogenetic tree

Answer 17

Evolutionary history of a taxonomic group, a graphical summary of it

Question 18

What are sister taxa

Answer 18

organisms on a phylogenetic tree that share a common ancestor

Question 19

What are clade

Answer 19

A set of species that descended from a particular common ancestor

Question 20

What is polytomy on a phylogenetic tree

Answer 20

When more than two species fork from a single ancestor

Question 21

What is a basal taxon

Answer 21

a species that diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

Question 22

Phenetics

Answer 22

Classifies organisms based on observable shared morphological characteristics

Question 23

Cladistics

Answer 23

Provides an objective way of assessing evolutionary relationship

Question 24

monophyletic

Answer 24

a group of organisms with an ancestor and all of its descendants (a clade)

Question 25

Polyphyletic

Answer 25

a group of organisms that does not include the most recent common ancestor of the group.
- used when species are grouped together based on similar traits

Question 26

Paraphyletic

Answer 26

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants

Question 27

Apomorphy

Answer 27

Derived trait that is unique, not present in ancestor

Question 28

Synapomorphy

Answer 28

Apomorphy (unique derived trait) that a common ancestor and all descendants possess

Question 29

Plesiomorphy

Answer 29

Ancestral trait shared among a group, including their common ancestor

Question 30

Autapomorphy

Answer 30

Derived trait unique to a single species, distinguishable from closest relative

Question 31

Homoplasy

Answer 31

Similar derived traits in distantly related lineage; due to convergent evolution

Question 32

Maximum Parsimony

Answer 32

A tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events