Exam 2: Lecture 10 ( Chapter 28) Flashcards
Protists
Informal term to describe any eukaryotes that arent plants, animals, or fungi
What separates Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes
- Nucleus
- Membrane-enclosed organelles
- Well-developed cytoskeleton
Protists evolved through ________, which gave birth to the ________.
Endosymbiosis, Mitochondria
_______ arose after mitochondria when a _________ eukaryote engulfed a _________ bacterium
Plastids, heterotrophic, photosynthetic
Define the Excavata group and name some examples
Characterized by their cytoskeleton morphology, include protists with modified mitochondria and flagella
- Diplomonad
- Parabasalids
- Euglenids
Define some characteristics of Diplomonad
Have mitosomes (reduced mitochondria, generates energy anaerobically), mostly parasites, and have two equal sized nuclei with multiple flagella
Define some characteristics of Parabasalids
Have hydrogenosomes (reduced mitochondria, generates energy anaerobically)
- Release hydrogen as a byproduct
Define some characteristics of Euglenids
- have 1 or 2 flagella emerging from the end of the cell
- have Pellicles, a stiff structure that keeps their shape
What are Stramenopiles
Most important phototrophs on earth
- have hairy and smooth flagella
- Include Diatoms, brown algae, and oomycetes
What are Diatoms
Unicellular algae with a unique glasslike wall of silicone dioxide.
- Diatoms are abundant and their photosynthetic activity influences global CO2 levels
- Important carbon pump
What are brown algae
They are the largest and most complex multicellular algae
- often called seaweeds, form forests, and share many analogous traits with plants
What are Alveolates
a group of single-celled organisms that include things like dinoflagellates, ciliates, and parasites such as Plasmodium (which causes malaria).
- They have tiny air-filled sacs under their membrane
Why are alveolates important to the ecosystem
- Dinoflagellates are primary producers that generate energy through photosynthesis, supporting marine life.
- ciliates, help control bacterial populations
What are apicomplexans (ex, Plasmodiums)
Alveolates that parasitize animals and spread through the host through tiny cells called sporozoites
- Most are both sexual and asexual in their life, often require 2+ host species for completion
Ciliates have a ______ containing multiple copies of their genomes, and a _________ which may be diploid or haploid depending on their life stage
Macronuclei, Micronuclei
What are Rhizarians
a group of mostly single-celled organisms that often have intricate, shell-like structures.
- They use thin, thread-like extensions (called pseudopodia) to move and capture food.
What are Radiolarians
Delicate, symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica:
- use a reinforced pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis
What are Forams
Organisms with porous, multi-chambered calcium carbonate shells called tests
The largest Archaeplastida are ____ _____, and they are ________ cellular
Red Algae, Multi
_____ _____ are named from their green chloroplasts, two main groups of them are _______ which live in fresh saltwater, and ________ which include algae most closely related to plants
Green Algae, Chlorophytes, Charophytes
What characteristics do the Unikonta group have
organisms that include amoebas, fungi, and animals.
- characterized by having a single flagellum (in some members) or being amoeboid, moving and feeding with extensions called pseudopodia
Protists play two key roles in their habitats, ________ and ________
Symbionts, Photosynthesizers
List some symbiotic roles of protists in their environment
- Dinoflagellates live within polyps and nourish corals
- Protists inhabit guts of termites and aid in wood digestion
- Plasmodium cause malaria in humans (parasitic role)
- Phytophthora ramorum cause oak death (parasitic)
How does protists being photosynthesizers help their environment
Photosynthersizers produce organic compounds from light energy and CO2
- all other organisms (consumers) rely on producers for food.
