Exam 2 lecture 10

Question 1

Stimulants

Answer 1

Increase activity of psychomotor and sympathetic nervous system and increase alertness and postive mood

Question 2

Nicotine

Answer 2

-Agonist of the nicotinic receptor
-Acts as a functional antagonist on receptor

-Means that it changes receptor shape so it cant be bound by Ach
-inactivated longer than it was activated, in total = less signaling

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics nicotine

Answer 3

-Absorption through body membranes (lungs/skin)

-Rest normal pathways

Question 4

Acetylcholine signaling

Answer 4

-Nicotinic Ach receptors: ionotropic

-Muscarinic Ach receptors, Metabotropic

nicotine Half life 2 hrs

Question 5

Ach signaling in the body

Answer 5

Muscles: When nicotine present, mimics Ach, stimulating nicotinic receptors affecting muscle contraction

ANS: When nicotine present, stimulates nicotinic receptors, affecting sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 6

Ach signaling in the brain

Answer 6

-Everywhere
-Modulatory NT systems activated
-Nicotinic activated

-Hippocampus
-Dopamine releasing cells in basal ganglia (if you block these ppl cant get addicted)

Question 7

Pharmacodynamics nicotine

Answer 7

-Nicotinic Ach receptors: Ion channels allow positively charged ions to move when the receptor is activated
-Various subunits can be expressed by cells

Question 8

Initial vs chronic exposure to nicotine

Answer 8

Initial: Muscles contract a little, ANS slight activation of sympathetic, brain general activation, increased attention

Chronic: Upregulation of nicotinic receptors, less control of muscles, brain changes activity, both GABA and glutamate)

Question 9

Addiction nicotine

Answer 9

-Extremely addictive
-Nicotine is an extremely potent modulator of the nerual networks in the basal ganglia, take go pathway
-Forms habits
-Stimulates dopamine release in basal ganglia

Question 10

Nicotine deaths

Answer 10

-Because of other chemicals, not nicotine
-Most die of lung cancer and cardiac arrest
-Vapes have plastics, worse

Question 11

Caffine

Answer 11

-Competitive antagonist for adenosine receptors

Question 12

Pharmacokinetics caffeine

Answer 12

-Absorbtion through drinking

-Rest normal pathways

Question 13

Adenosine

Answer 13

-ATP/ADP/AMP
-Signal for cells running out of energy
-Activation of adenosine receptors reduces energy use of cells

-Caffeine Inactivates receptors so energy stays high
-Metabotropic