Exam 2 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Flashcards by Brittany Sedar

This means to live together

Symbiosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 types of symbiosis?

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This type of symbiosis is when both organisms benefit

Mutualism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This type of symbiosis is when one organism benefits, and the other organisms doesn’t benefit but isn’t harmed

Commensalism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This type of symbiosis is when one organism benefits, and the other is harmed

Parasitism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease

Normal microbiota aka
Normal flora
Indigenous microbiota

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Remain part of normal microbiota of a person for life

Resident microbiota

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Remain in body for few hours, days, months before disappearing

Transient microbiota

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonized by normal flora

Axenic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List some examples of axenic sites

Alveoli of lungs
CNS
Circulatory System
Upper Urogenital Regions
Uterus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

Opportunistic pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

Reservoirs of infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are 3 types of reservoirs

Animal réservoirs
Human carriers
Nonliving reservoirs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans

Zoonoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Humans are known as this type of host, since humans can get diseases from animals, but animals do not get diseases from humans

Dead-end host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others

Human carriers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When a human carrier eventually develops the illness

Case

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Used to separate ill person who have a communicable disease

Isolation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Used to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease

Quarantine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some nonliving reservoirs?

Soil, water, and food usually from contamination of feces or urine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body

Contamination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When organism evades body’s external defenses which may or may not result in disease

Infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sites through which pathogens enter the body

Portals of entry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are 3 major portals of entry

Skin
Mucous membranes
Placenta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Technically not a portal of entry, but a way to circumvent the usual portals of entry

Parenteral route

What is the most common site for entry into the body?

Respiratory tract (nose, mouth, eye)

Toxoplasma gondii can cross placenta

Toxoplasmosis

Treponema pallidum can cross placenta

Syphilis

Listeria monocytogenes can cross placenta

Listeriosis

Cytomegalovirus can cross placenta

Asymptomatic in adults

Parvovirus B19 can cross placenta

Erythema infectiosum

Lentivirus (HIV) can cross placenta

AIDS

Rubivirus can cross placenta

German measles

Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (morbidity)

Disease

Ability of a microorganism to cause disease

Pathogenicity

Degree of pathogenicity (how easy is it for the organism to cause disease)

Virulence

The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune response

Antigenicity

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

Symptoms

Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others

Signs

Group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition

Syndrome

carcino-

cancer

col-,colo-

colon

dermato-

skin

-emia

pertaining to the blood

endo-

inside

-gen, gen-

give rise to

hepat-

liver

idio-

unknown

-itis

inflammation of a structure

-oma

tumor or swelling

-osis

condition of

-patho, patho-

abnormal

septi-

literally rotting; refers to presence of pathogens

terato-

defects

tox-

poison

What is the triad or triangle of health contain?

Host Agent Environment

What results when the triangle of health is in balance?

Health

What results when the triangle of health is out of balance?

Disease

Host

Chiropractic

Agent

Allopathic

Environment

Public Health

Study of the cause of disease

Etiology

Disease caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms

Germ theory of disease

What are some factors that contribute to virulence?

``` Adhesion factors Biofilms Extracellular enzymes Toxins Antiphagocytic factors ```

Inability to make attachment proteins or adhesions renders microorganisms what?

Avirulent

Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form this

Biofilm

These are secreted by the pathogen to help maintain infection, invade, and avoid body defenses. Such as hyaluronidase and collagenase

Extracellular enzymes

Chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage

Toxins

What are two types of toxins?

Exotoxins: cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins Endotoxins: lipid A

Protective molecules (antibodies) formed by host and may be administered artificially

Antitoxins

These prevent phagocytosis by the host's phagocytic cells (such as bacterial capsule or leukocidins)

Antiphagocytic factors

What are the 5 stages of infectious disease?

``` Incubation period Prodromal period Illness Decline Convalescence ```

Between infection and first symptoms or signs

Incubation period

Short period of generalized, mild symptoms

Prodromal period

Most severe stage, signs/symptoms evident

Illness

Immune response/treatment vanquish pathogens, body slowly returns to normal

Decline

Patient recovers from illness, tissue repaired and returned to normal

Convalescence

What are some portals of exit?

``` Bodily secretions (earwax, tears, saliva) Blood Vaginal secretions or semen Breastmilk Bodily wastes (urine, sweat, feces) ```

What are the two most common portals of exit?

Sputum | Respiratory droplets

What are 5 groups of transmission?

``` Contact transmission Vehicle transmission Vector transmission Airborne Perinatal ```

What are three subtypes of contact transmission?

direct, indirect, or droplet

What are some common methods of vehicle transmission?

Waterborne, foodborne, fecal-oral, bodily fulids

What are some common methods of vector transmission?

Arachnid or insect, biological or mechanical vector

What is perinatal transmission?

Mom to baby

Disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly

Acute disease

Disease with usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time (more than 3 months)

Chronic disease

Disease with time course and symptoms between acute and chronic

Subacute disease

Disease without symptoms

Asymptomatic disease

Disease that appears a long time after infection

Latent disease

Disease transmitted from one host to another

Communicable disease

Communicable disease that is easily spread

Contagious disease

Disease arising from outside of hosts or from opportunistic pathogen

Noncommunicable disease

Infection confined to a small region of the body

Local infection

Widespread infection in many systems of the body; often travels through blood or lymph

Systemic infection

Infection that serves as a source of pathogens for infections at other sites in the body MRSA

Focal infection

Initial infection within a given patient

Primary infection

Infections that follow a primary infection; often by opportunistic pathogens

Secondary infection

Number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time

Incidence

Number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time

Prevalence

Disease that commonly occurs at regular intervals at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area

Endemic

Only a few scattered cases within a area or population

Sporadic

Occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for an area or population

Epidemic

An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent

Pandemic

First case of the disease

Index case

Combination of tabulation of data and index case

Descriptive epidemiology

Combination of observational studies and experimental studies

Analytical epidemiology

Infections acquired in health-care settings (patients or employees)

Nosocomial infections

Pathogen acquired from the HC environment

Exogenous

Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors in the HC setting

Endogenous

Results from modern medical procedures

Iatrogenic

What percentage of the USA gets nosocomial infections?

10%

What is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections

Handwashing