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Microbiology > Exam 2 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Exam 2 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This means to live together

A

Symbiosis

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of symbiosis?

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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3
Q

This type of symbiosis is when both organisms benefit

A

Mutualism

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4
Q

This type of symbiosis is when one organism benefits, and the other organisms doesn’t benefit but isn’t harmed

A

Commensalism

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5
Q

This type of symbiosis is when one organism benefits, and the other is harmed

A

Parasitism

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6
Q

Organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease

A

Normal microbiota aka
Normal flora
Indigenous microbiota

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7
Q

Remain part of normal microbiota of a person for life

A

Resident microbiota

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8
Q

Remain in body for few hours, days, months before disappearing

A

Transient microbiota

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9
Q

Sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonized by normal flora

A

Axenic

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10
Q

List some examples of axenic sites

A 
Alveoli of lungs
CNS
Circulatory System
Upper Urogenital Regions
Uterus
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11
Q

Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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12
Q

Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

A

Reservoirs of infection

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13
Q

What are 3 types of reservoirs

A

Animal réservoirs
Human carriers
Nonliving reservoirs

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14
Q

Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans

A

Zoonoses

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15
Q

Humans are known as this type of host, since humans can get diseases from animals, but animals do not get diseases from humans

A

Dead-end host

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16
Q

Infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others

A

Human carriers

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17
Q

When a human carrier eventually develops the illness

A

Case

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18
Q

Used to separate ill person who have a communicable disease

A

Isolation

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19
Q

Used to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease

A

Quarantine

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20
Q

What are some nonliving reservoirs?

A

Soil, water, and food usually from contamination of feces or urine

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21
Q

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body

A

Contamination

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22
Q

When organism evades body’s external defenses which may or may not result in disease

A

Infection

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23
Q

Sites through which pathogens enter the body

A

Portals of entry

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24
Q

What are 3 major portals of entry

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Placenta

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25
Q

Technically not a portal of entry, but a way to circumvent the usual portals of entry

A

Parenteral route

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26
Q

What is the most common site for entry into the body?

A

Respiratory tract (nose, mouth, eye)

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27
Q

Toxoplasma gondii can cross placenta

A

Toxoplasmosis

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28
Q

Treponema pallidum can cross placenta

A

Syphilis

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29
Q

Listeria monocytogenes can cross placenta

A

Listeriosis

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30
Q

Cytomegalovirus can cross placenta

A

Asymptomatic in adults

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31
Q

Parvovirus B19 can cross placenta

A

Erythema infectiosum

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32
Q

Lentivirus (HIV) can cross placenta

A

AIDS

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33
Q

Rubivirus can cross placenta

A

German measles

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34
Q

Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (morbidity)

A

Disease

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35
Q

Ability of a microorganism to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

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36
Q

Degree of pathogenicity (how easy is it for the organism to cause disease)

A

Virulence

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37
Q

The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune response

A

Antigenicity

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38
Q

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

A

Symptoms

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39
Q

Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others

A

Signs

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40
Q

Group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition

A

Syndrome

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41
Q

carcino-

A

cancer

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42
Q

col-,colo-

A

colon

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43
Q

dermato-

A

skin

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44
Q

-emia

A

pertaining to the blood

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45
Q

endo-

A

inside

46
Q

-gen, gen-

A

give rise to

47
Q

hepat-

A

liver

48
Q

idio-

A

unknown

49
Q

-itis

A

inflammation of a structure

50
Q

-oma

A

tumor or swelling

51
Q

-osis

A

condition of

52
Q

-patho, patho-

A

abnormal

53
Q

septi-

A

literally rotting; refers to presence of pathogens

54
Q

terato-

A

defects

55
Q

tox-

A

poison

56
Q

What is the triad or triangle of health contain?

A

Host
Agent
Environment

57
Q

What results when the triangle of health is in balance?

A

Health

58
Q

What results when the triangle of health is out of balance?

A

Disease

59
Q

Host

A

Chiropractic

60
Q

Agent

A

Allopathic

61
Q

Environment

A

Public Health

62
Q

Study of the cause of disease

A

Etiology

63
Q

Disease caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms

A

Germ theory of disease

64
Q

What are some factors that contribute to virulence?

A 
Adhesion factors
Biofilms
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors
65
Q

Inability to make attachment proteins or adhesions renders microorganisms what?

A

Avirulent

66
Q

Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form this

A

Biofilm

67
Q

These are secreted by the pathogen to help maintain infection, invade, and avoid body defenses. Such as hyaluronidase and collagenase

A

Extracellular enzymes

68
Q

Chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage

A

Toxins

69
Q

What are two types of toxins?

A

Exotoxins: cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins
Endotoxins: lipid A

70
Q

Protective molecules (antibodies) formed by host and may be administered artificially

A

Antitoxins

71
Q

These prevent phagocytosis by the host’s phagocytic cells (such as bacterial capsule or leukocidins)

A

Antiphagocytic factors

72
Q

What are the 5 stages of infectious disease?

A 
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Illness
Decline
Convalescence
73
Q

Between infection and first symptoms or signs

A

Incubation period

74
Q

Short period of generalized, mild symptoms

A

Prodromal period

75
Q

Most severe stage, signs/symptoms evident

A

Illness

76
Q

Immune response/treatment vanquish pathogens, body slowly returns to normal

A

Decline

77
Q

Patient recovers from illness, tissue repaired and returned to normal

A

Convalescence

78
Q

What are some portals of exit?

A 
Bodily secretions (earwax, tears, saliva)
Blood
Vaginal secretions or semen
Breastmilk
Bodily wastes (urine, sweat, feces)
79
Q

What are the two most common portals of exit?

A

Sputum

Respiratory droplets

80
Q

What are 5 groups of transmission?

A 
Contact transmission
Vehicle transmission
Vector transmission
Airborne
Perinatal
81
Q

What are three subtypes of contact transmission?

A

direct, indirect, or droplet

82
Q

What are some common methods of vehicle transmission?

A

Waterborne, foodborne, fecal-oral, bodily fulids

83
Q

What are some common methods of vector transmission?

A

Arachnid or insect, biological or mechanical vector

84
Q

What is perinatal transmission?

A

Mom to baby

85
Q

Disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly

A

Acute disease

86
Q

Disease with usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time (more than 3 months)

A

Chronic disease

87
Q

Disease with time course and symptoms between acute and chronic

A

Subacute disease

88
Q

Disease without symptoms

A

Asymptomatic disease

89
Q

Disease that appears a long time after infection

A

Latent disease

90
Q

Disease transmitted from one host to another

A

Communicable disease

91
Q

Communicable disease that is easily spread

A

Contagious disease

92
Q

Disease arising from outside of hosts or from opportunistic pathogen

A

Noncommunicable disease

93
Q

Infection confined to a small region of the body

A

Local infection

94
Q

Widespread infection in many systems of the body; often travels through blood or lymph

A

Systemic infection

95
Q

Infection that serves as a source of pathogens for infections at other sites in the body MRSA

A

Focal infection

96
Q

Initial infection within a given patient

A

Primary infection

97
Q

Infections that follow a primary infection; often by opportunistic pathogens

A

Secondary infection

98
Q

Number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time

A

Incidence

99
Q

Number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time

A

Prevalence

100
Q

Disease that commonly occurs at regular intervals at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area

A

Endemic

101
Q

Only a few scattered cases within a area or population

A

Sporadic

102
Q

Occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for an area or population

A

Epidemic

103
Q

An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent

A

Pandemic

104
Q

First case of the disease

A

Index case

105
Q

Combination of tabulation of data and index case

A

Descriptive epidemiology

106
Q

Combination of observational studies and experimental studies

A

Analytical epidemiology

107
Q

Infections acquired in health-care settings (patients or employees)

A

Nosocomial infections

108
Q

Pathogen acquired from the HC environment

A

Exogenous

109
Q

Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors in the HC setting

A

Endogenous

110
Q

Results from modern medical procedures

A

Iatrogenic

111
Q

What percentage of the USA gets nosocomial infections?

A

10%

112
Q

What is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections

A

Handwashing

Microbiology (10 decks)

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