Exam 1 Microbial Genetics Flashcards
Study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organism’s genetic material
Genetics
The entire genetic complement of an organism including its genes and nucleotide sequence
Genome
Small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicate independently
Plasmids
Are plasmids essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction?
NO, useful for survival advantages
This plasmid carries instructions for conjugation
Fertility factors (F plasmids)
This plasmid carries genes for resistance to antimicrobials
Resistance factors (R plasmids)
This plasmid carries genes for toxins called bacteriocins which kill their competitors
Bacteriocin factors
This plasmid carries instructions that enable bacteria to become pathogenic
Virulence plasmids
Actual set of genes in the genome
Genotype
Physical features and functional traits of the organism
Phenotype
DNA polymerases work from 3’ to 5’, or 5’ to 3’?
5’ to 3’
This is the most common mutation of genes where one base pair is affected
Point mutations
If there is an insertion or deletion in a point mutation, it is also called what?
Frameshift mutation
Substitution doesn’t change amino acid sequence due to redundancy of genetic code
Silent mutations
Codon changes into codon for different AA but overall makes sense
Missense mutations
Codon changes into stop codon
Nonsense mutations
Organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants
Vertical gene transfer
Does vertical gene transfer take place in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?
Both
Acquire genes from other microbes of the same generations
Horizontal gene transfer
What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer?
Transformation
Transduction
Bacterial conjugation
A type of horizontal gene transfer where a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment
Transformation
A cell that takes up DNA is called this
Competent
Transformation only occurs in a few types of what?
Bacteria
A type of horizontal gene transfer which transfers DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus
Transduction
What is a virus that attacks bacteria?
Bacteriophage
What type of horizontal gene transfer is a bacteriophage considered to be under?
Transduction
A type of horizontal gene transfer where the transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by a pili
Conjugation
In conjugation, the donor cell requires what?
F plasmid (+)
In conjugation, the recipient cell must lack what?
F plasmid (F-)
In normal conjugation, it starts with F+ and F- and results in what?
F+ and F+
In conjugation involving an Hfr cell, it starts with F+ and F-, and results in what?
F-
