Exam 1 Microbial Genetics

Question 1

Study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organism’s genetic material

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

The entire genetic complement of an organism including its genes and nucleotide sequence

Answer 2

Genome

Question 3

Small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicate independently

Answer 3

Plasmids

Question 4

Are plasmids essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction?

Answer 4

NO, useful for survival advantages

Question 5

This plasmid carries instructions for conjugation

Answer 5

Fertility factors (F plasmids)

Question 6

This plasmid carries genes for resistance to antimicrobials

Answer 6

Resistance factors (R plasmids)

Question 7

This plasmid carries genes for toxins called bacteriocins which kill their competitors

Answer 7

Bacteriocin factors

Question 8

This plasmid carries instructions that enable bacteria to become pathogenic

Answer 8

Virulence plasmids

Question 9

Actual set of genes in the genome

Answer 9

Genotype

Question 10

Physical features and functional traits of the organism

Answer 10

Phenotype

Question 11

DNA polymerases work from 3’ to 5’, or 5’ to 3’?

Answer 11

5’ to 3’

Question 12

This is the most common mutation of genes where one base pair is affected

Answer 12

Point mutations

Question 13

If there is an insertion or deletion in a point mutation, it is also called what?

Answer 13

Frameshift mutation

Question 14

Substitution doesn’t change amino acid sequence due to redundancy of genetic code

Answer 14

Silent mutations

Question 15

Codon changes into codon for different AA but overall makes sense

Answer 15

Missense mutations

Question 16

Codon changes into stop codon

Answer 16

Nonsense mutations

Question 17

Organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants

Answer 17

Vertical gene transfer

Question 18

Does vertical gene transfer take place in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?

Answer 18

Both

Question 19

Acquire genes from other microbes of the same generations

Answer 19

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 20

What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 20

Transformation
Transduction
Bacterial conjugation

Question 21

A type of horizontal gene transfer where a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment

Answer 21

Transformation

Question 22

A cell that takes up DNA is called this

Answer 22

Competent

Question 23

Transformation only occurs in a few types of what?

Answer 23

Bacteria

Question 24

A type of horizontal gene transfer which transfers DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus

Answer 24

Transduction

Question 25

What is a virus that attacks bacteria?

Answer 25

Bacteriophage

Question 26

What type of horizontal gene transfer is a bacteriophage considered to be under?

Answer 26

Transduction

Question 27

A type of horizontal gene transfer where the transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by a pili

Answer 27

Conjugation

Question 28

In conjugation, the donor cell requires what?

Answer 28

F plasmid (+)

Question 29

In conjugation, the recipient cell must lack what?

Answer 29

F plasmid (F-)

Question 30

In normal conjugation, it starts with F+ and F- and results in what?

Answer 30

F+ and F+

Question 31

In conjugation involving an Hfr cell, it starts with F+ and F-, and results in what?

Answer 31

F-