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Microbiology > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

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2
Q

This person developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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3
Q

Genus species

A

Binomial nomenclature

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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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5
Q

What are the four subdivisions of the eukarya domain?

A

Fungi
Protista
Algae
Animalia

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6
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and archaea?

A

Archaea do NOT cause disease

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7
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek term what he saw under magnification?

A

Animalcules

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8
Q

On the ancestral cell line, which domains branch off the same root?

A

Archaea and Eukarya

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9
Q

Another term for spontaneous generation

A

Abiogenesis

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10
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

Living organisms can arise from nonliving matter

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11
Q

Who proposed spontaneous generation?

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

Who challenged spontaneous generation with meat in a flask?

A

Francesco Redi

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13
Q

Who was a supporter of spontaneous generation?

A

John Needham

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14
Q

Who challenged spontaneous generation by boiling broth in a flask?

A

Lazarro Spellanzani

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15
Q

Who is the father of microbiology?

A

Leewenhoek

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16
Q

Who is the father of MODERN microbiology?

A

Pasteur

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17
Q

Who ended spontaneous generation by preforming experiments in a swan neck flask?

A

Pasteur

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18
Q

What is the sugar fungus that makes beer?

A

Saccaromyces cerevisiae

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19
Q

Who developed the germ theory of disease?

A

Pasteur 1857

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20
Q

Study of causation of disease

A

Etiology

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21
Q

Who discovered the cause of anthrax and tuberculosis?

A

Koch

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22
Q

What is the bacteria that causes anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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23
Q

What is the bacteria that causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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24
Q

What was a technique of Koch that we use today?

A

Method of isolation - agar

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25
Q

What are Koch’s postulates used for?

A

Steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease

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26
Q

What are Koch’s four postulates?

A

Suspected agent must be found in every case of disease and absent in healthy hosts, agent must be isolated and grown outside host, when agent is introduced into a healthy susceptible host they must get the disease, and same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host

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27
Q

Hand washing

A

Semmelweis

Weis - Wash

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28
Q

Antiseptic technique

A

Lister

think Listerine

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29
Q

Cleanliness techniques in nursing

A

Nightingale

prof Nightingale dressed as a nurse

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30
Q

Infection control/field of epidemiology

A

Snow

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31
Q

Smallpox vaccine/field of immunology

A

Jenner

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32
Q

Magic Bullets/field of chemotherapy

A

Ehrlich

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33
Q

Cadaver particles caused what disease in women in labor?

A

Puerperal fever

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34
Q

Study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans

A

Epidemiology

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35
Q

John Snow was the foundation for what two branches of micro?

A

Infection control

Epidemiology

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36
Q

Chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic organisms

A

Chemotherapy

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37
Q

A condition acquired from eating infected beef

A

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

38
Q

In vCJD, the brain is full of sponge-like holes known as what?

A

Spongiform encephalopathy

39
Q

What are the four processes of life?

A

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

40
Q

What is the root of something that responds to the environment?

A

-taxis

41
Q

What are the two main features of prokaryotes?

A

Lack nucleus

Circular DNA

42
Q

What are the two main features of eukaryotes?

A

Have nucleus

Linear DNA

43
Q

What are two types of glycocalyces on bacterial cells?

A

Capsule and slime layer

44
Q

Firmly attached to cell surface and may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host

A

Capsule

45
Q

Loosely attached to cell surface and provides a sticky surface

A

Slime layer

46
Q

Responsible for movement of some bacteria

A

Flagella

47
Q

When a bacteria runs, what is the movement like?

A

Straight line

48
Q

When a bacteria tumbles, what is the movement like?

A

Spins

49
Q

What are bacterial cell walls composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

50
Q

What are the two basic types of bacterial cell walls?

A

Gram + and Gram -

51
Q

Gram + have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and appear what color?

A

Purple

52
Q

What are the unique polyalcohols in Gram + cells called which provide rigidity?

A

Teichoic acids

53
Q

Gram - bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and appear what color?

A

Red

54
Q

Bacterial cytoplasmic membranes maintain what two gradients?

A

Concentration and electrical gradient

55
Q

List 3 passive processes

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

56
Q

List 2 active processes

A

Active transport

Group translocation

57
Q

Substance is chemically modified during transport and no longer a viable candidate to go back out of the membrane

A

Group translocation

58
Q

Osmosis goes from what concentration to what concentration?

A

From low to high concentration

59
Q

There is the same concentration inside and outside the cell

A

Isotonic solution

60
Q

There is more concentration inside the cell, so water rushes in resulting in rupture of the cell

A

Hypotonic solution

61
Q

There is more concentration outside the cell, resulting in crenation or dehydration

A

Hypertonic solution

62
Q

Unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

A

Endospores

63
Q

What is the size prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

70S

64
Q

What are the two subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

30S and 50S

65
Q

Do archaea cell walls contain peptidoglycan?

A

Do NOT have peptidoglycan

66
Q

Animals and most protozoan cells lack this

A

Cell walls

67
Q

Cells using endocytosis will form this to bring something into the cell

A

Pseudopodia

68
Q

Solid imported into cell

A

Phagocytosis

69
Q

Liquid imported into cell

A

Pinocytosis

70
Q

Eukaryotic flagella do not rotate but do this instead

A

Undulate rhythmically

71
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have cilia?

A

No prokaryotic cells have cilia

72
Q

What is the size of eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

80S

73
Q

What is the size of 2 subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

40S and 60S

74
Q

In the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes, what is the size of their ribosomes?

A

70S

75
Q

Plants, algae, most fungi, and prokaryotes lack this, a structure that plays a role in mitosis

A

Centrioles

76
Q

This is the control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

77
Q

This functions as the transport system in the eukaryotic cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

This organelle receives and packages molecules but is not present in all eukaryotic cells

A

Golgi body

79
Q

This is the second most important organelle in the cell that is known as the powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

80
Q

Prokaryotes lack this organelle which is a light-harvesting structure

A

Chloroplasts

81
Q

The shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities

A

Resolution

82
Q

Differences in intensity between two objects, or between an object and background

A

Contrast

83
Q

Name 4 simple stains

A

Crystal violet
Safranin
Methylene blue
Malachite green

84
Q

Name 3 differential stains

A

Gram stain
Acid-fast stain
Endospore stain

85
Q

Name 2 special stains

A

Negative stain

Flagellar stain

86
Q

List the 4 steps of Gram staining

A

Flood with crystal violet
Iodine = mordant
Ethanol and acetone solution
Safranin = counter stain

87
Q

This type of bacteria does not have peptidoglycan cell walls but a waxy mycolic acid content instead

A

Mycobacteria

88
Q

Due to the waxy walls of mycobateria, what staining procedure is used?

A

Acid-Fast stain

89
Q

What colors are produced in acid-fast stains?

A

Red- acid fast

Blue- negative for acid fast

90
Q

What colors are produced in endospore staining?

A

Green- endospore

Red- vegetative cell

91
Q

Series of paired statements where only one of two “either/or” choices applies to any particular organism

A

Dichotomous keys

Microbiology (10 decks)

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