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Gerontological Nursing > Exam 2: Gero Lecture 6 PATHO > Flashcards

Exam 2: Gero Lecture 6 PATHO Flashcards

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1
Q

GERD etiology

A

older age
meds
nicotine
obesity
hiatalehemia

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2
Q

GERD CM

A

dysphagia
heartburn
epigastric pain
dry cough
water brash: increase spit
laryngitis
asthma attacks

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3
Q

GERD patho

A

weakened LES/ increase intra- abd pressure
stomach contents reflex up to esophagus
acidic juices irritate epithelium and erosion
repeat injury causes metaplasia of epithelial cells
barrets esophagus: esophagus cancer

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4
Q

OP etiology

A

primary: postmenopausal (lose estrogen)
secondary: other condition

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5
Q

OP CM

A

decrease heigh
compression spinal FX
kyphosis
decrease bone mass measurements
pathologic FX

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6
Q

OP patho

A

decrease estrogen
increase RANKL
bone reabsorption is greater than bone deposition
alter in bone microarchitecture
loss of bone mineralization
diminished bone mass and porous bone

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7
Q

what is OP?

A

a metabolic bone disease resulting in a reduction in density in a reduction in density or mass of bone
bone becomes lacy and weak; decrease density

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8
Q

what is OA?

A

a progressive destruction of cartilage in both synovial joints and vertebrae (bone rubbing bone)

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9
Q

OA etiology

A

risk factors
secondary:
age
obesity
injury
repetitive trauma
primary: idiopathic

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10
Q

OA CM

A

asymmetric joint pain
increase w activity
relieved by rest
heberdens nodes (DIP)
bouchards nodes (PIP)

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11
Q

OA patho

A

loss of articular cartilage
inflam response
new bone form of joint margins (bone spurs)
subchondral bone changes
synovitis and thickening of joint capsule

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12
Q

What is RA?

A

a chronic progressive systemic auto immune disease with inflam of joints and deformity

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13
Q

RA etiology

A

unclear
higher in women
autoimmune
most common to: OA

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14
Q

RA CM

A

symmetrical pain in small joints
swelling
warmth
erythema
anorexia/fatigue
ulnar drift
swan neck deform. (finger looks like swan neck)
boutonniere deform

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15
Q

RA patho

A

B lymph activation
RA factors is form and binds w IgG
inflam response
enzyme destroy collagen
forms pannus (thick abnorm. layer of grandiose tissue)
destruction of cartilage and bone
RANKL increase
T lymph activation

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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) etiology

A

graves disease
autoimmune
disorder/type II hypersensitivity toxic multi-nodular goiter (not common)
toxic adenoma (lump on thyroid)

17
Q

Hyperthyroidism CM

A

weigh loss
nervousness
hyperactive reflexes
diaphoresis
tachycardia
increase SBP
expothalmus

18
Q

Hyperthyroidism patho

A

body produces TSI or gland enlarges
increase T3 and T4
neg feedback inhibition of pituitary TSH
low TSH more hormone secreted
high basal metabolic rate

19
Q

hypothyroidism etiology

A

congenital thyroid defects
autoimmune: Hashimoto disease (common)
surgical removal
thyroiditis

20
Q

hypothyroidism CM

A

fatigue
weight gain
constipation
delayed reflex
feels cold
sluggishness

21
Q

hypothyroidism patho

A

loss of thyroid function
decrease production of thyroid hormone (TH)
increase production of TSH
slow basal metabolism rate

22
Q

DMT2 etiology

A

exact etiology Unknown

risk factors: obesity and genetics

23
Q

DMT2 CM

A

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
fatigue
pruritus
recurrent infection

24
Q

DMT2 patho

A

genetic:
decrease activity of amylin (co-secreted with insulin)
decrease beta cell mass function
hypoinsulinemia
increase glucagon

obesity:
decrease activity of ghrelin
insulin resistance
increase demand for insulin synthesis leads to hyperinsulinemia

HIGH BS

25
Q

Prostate CA etiology

A

dietary factors
hormones: androgen
chronic inflam
genetic factors: BRCA2

26
Q

prostate CA patho

A

> 95% are adenocarcinomas
norm/ semen secreting cells mutate to PSG/CIS to adenocarcinomas

27
Q

prostate CA CM

A

mainly asymptomatic –> screening with DRE and PSA is key
bladder outlet obstruction –> slow urine stream, hesitancy, incomplete bladder empty, frequency, nocturia, dysuria
back pain –> bone metastasis

28
Q

HTN silent killer etiology

A

primary: idiopathic
secondary: underlying disorder

29
Q

HTN CM

A

HA
fatigue
impaired vision
decrease urine output
dizzy
epistaxis
flushed face

30
Q

HTN patho

A

dysfunction of SNS, RAA, and natriuretic hormones (ANA and BNP)
renal Na+ and H2O retention –> inflam
increase blood vol
sustained HTN

dysfunction of SNS, RAA, and natriuretic hormones (ANA and BNP)
vasoconstriction –> obesity
increase peripheral resistance
sustained HTN

31
Q

LHF (CHF) etiology

A

increase RAAS = increase aldosterone pt at risk for hypokalemia

LUNGS

CAD: myocardial ischemia
MI
cardiomyopathy
HTN; pulmonary HTN
valve disease
CKD
anemia
hyperthyroidism: thyroid controls vasometabolism; severe tachycardia

32
Q

LHF (CHF) CM

A

dyspnea
orthopnea
frothy sputum
fatigue
decrease urine output
edema
abnormal heart sounds (s3 gallops)
pulmonary congestion

33
Q

LHF patho

A

decrease contracting cause SV to fall and LVEDV increase – dialation
kidney sense decrease in blood flow
activation of RAA
increase PVR
increase preload and after load

increase hydrostatic pressure into pulmonary system back up fluid
pulmonary edema

aortic pressure fall and systemic arterial pressure decreases
baroreceptors sense a decrease
activates SNS and hypothalamus releases ADH

34
Q

RHF etiology

A

rest of body

LHF
increase pulmonary vascular resistance
ARDS
COPD

35
Q

RHF cm

A

peripheral edema
ascites
JVD
hepatomegaly
nocturia
weight gain

36
Q

RHF patho

A

lung disease
increase pulmonary vascular resistance
increase force of RV contraction
increase RV o2 demand
decrease o2 supply
RV hypoxia
decrease force of RV contraction
increase RV preload
increase RA preload
edema

Gerontological Nursing (26 decks)

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