Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PTH560 Pathology > Exam 2 - Gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A

Mechanical = teeth, churning, etc

chemical = enzymes

*most digestion occurs in small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

absorption

A

-almost all and 80% of water absorption occur in small intestine (specific jejunum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Regulation of digestive tract

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • endocrine (gastrin, secretin, cck)
  • paracrine (histamine and prostaglandins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

common problems with GI issues

A
  • malnourishment
  • vitamin and mineral deficiencies
  • anorexia
  • cachexia (wasting syndrome)
  • dehydration
  • osteoporosis
  • anemia
  • clotting disorders
  • weakness, fatigue, de-conditioning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GI signs and symptoms

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • constipation
  • dysphagia
  • heartburn
  • abdominal pain
  • GI bleeding (poop stuff)
  • fecal incontinence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of nausea/vomiting

A

general stuffffff

-neurological
= inc intracranial pressure, concussion, homorrhage, vestibular, migraines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Achalasia (what is it)

A

-inc tone of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) - failure to relax normally when swallowing

causes chest pain, fullness, dysphagia.

can lead to dilatation of the esophagus and lack of peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Achalasia (why)

A
  • loss of myenteric ganglion cells and inhibitory neurons, reduced NO production likely play a role
  • may occur cuz of other disorders

treat: pneumatic balloon dilation, myotomy, nitrates, botox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD

A

-inflammation of esophagus resulting from reflux of stomach acid into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GERD causes

A
  • reduced pressure in LES
  • inc gastric or intra-ab pressure
  • position

it is common
-fat people, age, what you eat and drink, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GERD signs and symptoms

A
  • chest pain
  • burning (heartburn)
  • dysphagia and/or painful swallowing
  • belching
  • indigestion
  • regurgitation
  • chronic cough
  • laryngitis

-long term can inc risk of cancer and pulmonary complications (barrett esophagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treating GERD

A
  • lifestyle
  • meds (antacids, H2 receptor blocks, proton pump inhibitors)
  • surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hiatal hernia

A
  • hernia of stomach through diaphragm
  • due to weak diaphragm or inc intra-ab pressure (aging, trauma, etc)

signs: like GERD
med treatment: like GERD. surgery if severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Esophageal cancers (types, signs, treatment, prog)

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • adenocarcinoma

signs: pain with swallowing, wt loss, hematemesis, chest pain, hoarseness, fistula thingy
treat: prevent. or do surgery, radiation, chemo
prog: most detected late. survival bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • most common worldwide
  • more common in blacks in US
  • risk factors: alcohol, tobacco, achalasia, nutritional deficiencies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Esophageal cancer

  • rising incidence in the US
  • more common in middle aged caucasian men
  • barrett esophagus most common cause
17
Q

What is Gastritis?

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomach (gastric mucosa)

Acute hemorrhagic and chronic

18
Q

Acute hemorrhagic gastritis

A
  • characterized by erosion of mucosal epithelium

- associated with ASA/NSAIDs, EtOH, and stress

19
Q

Chronic gastritis

A

Type A: rare, links to autoimmune disorders

Type B: more common, liked to H. pylori infection

20
Q

Gastritis (symptoms and treatment)

A

symptoms

  • epigastric pain, ab distension, loss of appetite, nausea, GI bleeding
  • may develop anemia

Treat:

  • avoid irritation
  • PPIs, antacids, H2 blocks, antimicrobials for H. pylori
21
Q

what is Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A
  • deeper ulceration in stomach or duodenum
  • 90% caused by H. pylori
  • can involve mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layers
  • chronic inflam is bad
22
Q

PUD signs and treatment

A

signs
-ab pain, loss of appetite, nausea/vomiting

treatment
-antibiotics, antacids, pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, stop using ASA/NSAIDs, surgery

23
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A
  • obstruction of pyloric sphincter (stomach -> duodenum)
  • congenital or acquired

symptoms: projectile vomit, node in RUQ (infants)

Diag: ultrasound
Treat: surgery

24
Q

Gastric cancer

A

-adenocarcinoma = most common

treatment: surgery, chemo
Prog: depends on severity

25
Q

Malabsorption syndrome

A
  • reduced intestinal absorption of food and lose nutrients in poo
  • either maldigestion or malabsorption
  • many causes: celiac, CF, crohns, etc
  • common nutrients: fat, iron, mg, K, vit K/B12/D
26
Q

Crohn’s vs ulcerative colitis

A

Crohn’s

  • any segment. usually small or large intestines
  • entire intestinal wall involved

Ulcerative colitis

  • Large intestine. Rectum
  • more superficial layers
27
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease

A
  • inappropriate immune response as a result of a lot of factors.
  • Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis

Treat: drugs, diet, surgery

*increases risk of cancer

28
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBD)

A
  • functional disorder of GI motility - absence of inflammation, no identifiable abnormality of the bowel
    signs: diarrhea and constipation, bloating

diag: depends
Treat: diet, meds, stress management etcccccc

29
Q

Diverticular disease

A
  • herniation of large intestinal mucosa and submucosa through muscle layers of intestinal wall
  • sigmoid colon most common
30
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

When poo is trapped in diverticula and gets infected

31
Q

Bowel obstruction

A 
Mechanical  = physically blocked
Functional = lack of parastalsis

treat: restricted oral intake, NG tube, surgery

32
Q

what is a Hernia?

A

Protrusion of the intestine through fascial defect in the ab wall

33
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

varicose veins of the anus and lower rectum

Treatment is typically to reduce pain and itching. may need surgery chronically

34
Q

What is appendicitis

A
  • inflammation of appendix
  • McBurney’s point

Treat: remove it and antibiotics

35
Q

Colon cancer

A
  • Adenocarcinoma of colon is more common malignancy of the GI tract
  • 2nd leading cause of cancer death in US
  • often slow growing. starts with a polyp
  • cellular hyperplasia and transformation

Prevent: screening. 50 yrs old. every 5-10 yrs

symptoms: bloody poo. ETC

PTH560 Pathology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions