Exam 2: Developmental Genetics Flashcards
human development refers to
the biological and psychological development of a human being throughout their lifespan
t/f: slight changes in regulatory components have significant changes on development
true
define developmental genetics
study of the regulatory processes that control cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis, which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs, and anatomy. it is the study of cell fate, cell determination and differentiation and pattern formation
define determination
process by which a cell or part of an embryo becomes restricted to a given developmental pathway
define differentiation
process by which a cell becomes dedicated to perform a specific function (ex liver, blood cell, neuron) takes during development that determines which genes are expressed and hence what type of cell will result
totipotency
ability of a single cell to divide and produce ALL of the differentiated cells in an organism (~32 trillion)
pluripotent
ability of a single cell to divide and produce some but not all kinds of differentiated cells in an organism
unipotent
ability of a single cell to divide and produce a SINGLE KIND OF DIFFERENTIATED CELL IN AN ORGANISM
alterations to key regulatory sequences often bring about
major developmental changes
pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as _ these stem cells can become an tissue in the body, excluding _
inner mass cells w/in a blastocyst; excluding a placenta
only the morula’s cells are _, able to become all tissues and a placenta
totipotent (16 cells)
hematopoietic stem cells are an example of _
multipotency; when the differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells, they lose potency and become oligopotent cells with the ability to give rise to only the cells of its lineage
many kinds of plants can be cloned from isolated single cells. thus _
none of the original genetic regulatory potential is lost during development
in order to clone an animal, _ must be reestablished
totipotency
describe how to clone an animal
- remove nucleus of donor cell and replaced w/ the nucleus from somatic cell
- give right environmental conditions to lead to development of organism (fertilization and meiotic events)
- replaced in uterus of a pseudo pregnant female animal
why is establishing polarity important
determines what goes where; once you know the poles you can begin segmentation ie pattern formation (where structure form) and going to have a unique set of genes at each pole
axes are important for
reference points; dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axis and this is how polarity is established
after axes are established, what happens next?
the number and orientation of the body segments are determined and the identity of each indiv segment is established
_ controls each of these 3 stages: axes, polarity, segmentation
different sets of genes