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Genetics > Exam 1: Lecture 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 3 & 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

crossing over results in

A

unequal exchange of genetic material producing chromosomes with deleted or duplicated genes (common most are benign)

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2
Q

crossing over is proportional to _

A

distance; greater the distance the arm from centromere ie the longer the arm, the greater amt of crossing over there is

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3
Q

what happens to epigenetic modifications as a conseq of meiosis and genetic variation

A

epigenetic modifications are erased and the parent specific modifications are established (sex markers)

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4
Q

comparison of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II: cell division

A

in mitosis, meiosis I and II

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5
Q

comparison of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II: reduction in chromosome number

A

in meiosis I ONLY

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6
Q

comparison of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II: genetic variation produced

A

in meiosis I ONLY

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7
Q

comparison of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II: crossing over

A

in meiosis I ONLY

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8
Q

comparison of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II: random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes

A

in meiosis I ONLY

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9
Q

comparison of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II: metaphase

A

mitosis: indiv chromosomes line up
meiosis I: homologous pairs line up
meiosis II: indiv chromosomes line up

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10
Q

comparison of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II: anaphase

A

mitosis: chromatids separate
meiosis I: homologous chromosomes separate
meiosis II: chromatids separate

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11
Q

cohesin

A

protein complex that holds the chromatids together and is key to the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis

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12
Q

spermatogenesis

A

male gamete production

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13
Q

oogenesis

A

female gamete production

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14
Q

how many chromosomes does a mule have?

A

63 (unbalanced and nonfunctional)

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15
Q

how can these 2 species interbreed and produce live offspring? horse and donkey

A

their chromosomes carry same set of genes

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16
Q

why are mules sterile?

A

different number of chromosomes and meiosis gets confused

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17
Q

what are the consequences when chromosomes fail to properly segregate during meiosis?

A

when they don’t get pulled to the poles correctly, extra chromosome

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18
Q

heredity

A

is the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another

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19
Q

heritability

A

is the proportion of total variation between indivs in a given population that is due to genetic variation

20
Q

MC1R gene encodes

A

red hair; brown to red hair

21
Q

mendel used the _ in his studies of heredidty

A

pea plant Pisum sastivum

22
Q

homozygous

A

true breeding ie the alleles are identical

23
Q

principle of segregation what mendel law is this?

A

law 1: each indiv diploid organism possesses 2 alleles for any particular characteristic and only one is passed to offspring

24
Q

independent assortment what mendel law is this?

A

law 2: alleles segregate independently when gametes are formed; separate w/o any bias

25
Q

concept of dominance what mendel law is this?

A

law 3: genotype has 2 different alleles, the dominant allele is observed in the phenotype, other is recessive

26
Q

how can a single gene code 7 characteristics but still have independent assortment

A

genes are not close to another and therefore segregated independently

27
Q

backcrosses

A

TRUE LINES

tests theory of inheritance of dominant traits; get closer to homogeneity and valuable genes are selected

28
Q

define probability

A

likelihood of the occurrence of a particular event; predicts outcome of a genetic cross

29
Q

mathematical outcome for genetic crosses

A

btwn 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain)

30
Q

what is the rule of multiplication

A

key word: AND; 2 independent events that occur at the same time/simultaneously

31
Q

what is the rule of addition

A

key word: OR; either independent even would satisfy the condition so add probability together

32
Q

define conditional probability

A

we know 1 event and want to know the second event

33
Q

conditional probability question:

a cross is made btwn 2 heterozygous parent plants. What is the probability that a tall offspring plant is homozygous?

A

Tt x Tt
TT: 0.25
Tt: 0.50
tt: 0.25

tt cannot take place because it is recessive and not counted so 3/4 left ie 3 to consider and 1 out of 3 or 1/3 will be homozygous for tall

34
Q

binomial expansion w/ 2 variables

A

(p+q)^2 is the mathematical formula to determine the probability of an outcome

35
Q

dihybrid cross and relevancy to mendel

A

involve 2 traits w/ differing alleles to reveal the principle of independent assortment

36
Q

what happens when alleles are too close

A

linkage; no separation therefore recessive traits transmit to generation in higher frequency

37
Q

chi-square goodness of fit

A

indicates the probability that the difference btwn the observed and expected values is due to chance

38
Q

assumption: random sample

A

the sample data is a random sample of a larger population

39
Q

assumption: sample size

A

is sufficiently large to prevent small sample error

40
Q

assumption: independence

A

the observations are independent of each other

41
Q

degrees of freedom

A

number of values that are free to vary minus 1

42
Q

formula for chi-square

A

(observed-expected)^2/expected

43
Q

chi-square table: left side with small numbers mean

A

high probability it happened by chance

44
Q

chi-squared table: right side with small numbers mean

A

low probability happened by chance

45
Q

multiple testing correction:

A

the more tests on a sample we analyze, higher probability that one will artifactually be associated with what I’m studying

Genetics (37 decks)

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