[Exam 2] Chapter 20: Assessment of Respiratory Function (Page 480-499, 502-504) Flashcards
What is the respiratory system?
DElivery oxygen to and expel carbon dioxide from the body, works in conjunction with the circulatory system
Purpose of upper respiratory tract?
Warms and filters inspired air
Purpose of lower respiratory tract?
Accomplishes gas exchange
Structures of upper respiratory tract?
Nose, Sinuses and Nasal Passages, Pharynx, Tonsils and ADenoids, Larynx, Trachea, and Cilia.
Lobes in left and right lung?
Left: Upper and Lower
Right: Upper, Middle, Lower
Components of Lower Respiratory System
Two Lungs Pleura Mediastinum Bronchi and Bronchioles Alveoli
The bronchioles contain submucosal glands which produce
mucus that covers the inside lining of the airways
Function of the Respiratory System - Ventilation: What happens when the capacity is increased?
Air enters through the trachea (inspiration) and moves into the bronchi, alveoli, and infaltes the lung
Function of the Respiratory System - Ventilation: What happens when the lungs return to their normal position?
Expiration, lungs recoil and force air out of lungs.
Function of the Respiratory System - Ventilation: What is the thoracic cavity and diaphragm considered to be?
An airtight chamber, with the diaphragm being the floor of this chamber.
Function of the Respiratory System - Ventilation: What happens during inspiration ?
Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscle contacted. Intrathoracic pressure lowered and air enters to inflate lungs
Function of the Respiratory System - Ventilation: What happens during expiration?
Relaxation of diaphragm, relaxation of enternal intercostal muscles increasing intrathoracic pressure and air exits
Inspiration and Expiration take how long of a respiration cycle?
Inspiration: 1/3 Respiratory Cycle
Expiration: 2/3 Resp cycle
What is compliance?
Elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thoracic structures.
Allows lung volume to increase
What are aveoli?
Where gas exchange takes place. It is a alveolar-capillary membrane-surface area
What is Pulmonary Diffusion?
Process where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in areas of high concentration to areas of low concentrations
What is Pulmonary Perfusion?
Actual blood flow through the pulmonary vasculatore.
Pumped into lungs.
What is Tidal Volume (TV)?
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath (500 mL)
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume ? (IRV)
MAximum volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation (3000 mL)
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Maximum volume of air that can be exhalled forcible after normal exhalation (1100 mL)
What is Residual Volume? (RV)
VOlume of air remaining in lungs after a maximum exhalation (1200 mL)
What is Vital Capacity? VC
Maximum volume of air exhaled from the point of maximum inspiration.
TV + IRV + ERV = 4600 mL
What is Inspiratory Capacity IC
Maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration
IC = TV + IRV = 3500 mL
What is Functional Residual Capacity? (FRC)
VOlume of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration
FRC = ERV + RV = 2300 mL
What is Total Lung Capacity? TLC
Volume in lungs after maximum inspiration
TV + IRV + ERV + RV = 5800 mL
How does O2 diffuse?
From areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure , which is why supplemental oxygen is given
How does CO2 Transport work?
Crosses the alveolar-capillary membrane into venous blood by diffusion , perfusion carries deoxygenated blood back to the lungs
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Control rate and depth of ventilation to meet the body’s metabolic demands
Assessment, Health History: Focus on the patients whaat?
Presenting problem adn associated symptoms
Assessment, Health History: Nurses should explore what of the patients?
Their health, medical conditiions, injuries, hospitalizations, surgeries, allergies, and current medications
Major signs and symptoms of respiratory disease are
dyspnea, cough, sputum p roduction, chest pain, wheezing, and hemoptysis
Assessment, Health History and Dyspnea: What is Dyspnea?
Subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing, breathlessnes, and shortness of breath
Occurs because of decreasedd lung compliance or increased airway resistance
Assessment, Health History and Dyspnea: Dyspnea and Tachypnea accompanied by progressive hypoxemia in person may signal what?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS
Assessment, Health History and Dyspnea: Orthopnea is associated with those with COPD and Heart Disease, and this is?
Shortness of breath when flying flat, relieved by sitting or standing
Assessment, Health History and Dyspnea: Stridor may be heard with Dyspnea. What is this?
High pitched sound heard when someone is breathing through a partically blocked upper airway
Assessment, Health History and cough: May be impaired when?
By weakness or paralysis of the respiratory muscles, prolonged inactivity, presence of NG tube, or depressed function of medullary centers
Assessment, Health History and cough: Cough results from what?
Mucous membranes anywhere in the respiratory tract associated with multiple pulmonary disorders
Assessment, Health History and cough: Coughing at night may indicate what?
Left sided heart failure
Assessment, Health History and cough: A cough in the morning with sputum production indicate
bronchitis
Assessment, Health History and cough: COugh when patient is supine suggests
postnasal drip
Assessment, Health History and cough: Dry, irritative cough is characteristic of
upper respiratory tract infection of viral origin, or may be a side effect of ACE inhibitor therapy
Assessment, Health History and cough: Irritative, high pitched caugh can be caused by
laryngotrachetitis
Assessment, Health History and cough: Brassy cough is a result of
tracheal lesions
Assessment, Health History and cough: SEvere or changing cough may indicate
bronchogenic carcinoma
Assessment, Health History and Sputum Production: Sputum production is the reaction of lungs to
any constantly recurring irritant and often results from persistent coughing
Assessment, Health History and Sputum Production: Profuse amount of purulent sputum or change in color of sputum is a common sign of
bacterial infection
Assessment, Health History and Sputum Production: Thin, mucoid sputum results from
viral bronchitis
Assessment, Health History and Sputum Production: Gradual increase of sputum over time may occur with
chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis
qAssessment, Health History and Sputum Production: Pink tinged mucoid sputum suggests
a lung tumor
Assessment, Health History and Sputum Production: Profuse pink-tinged mucoid sputum suggests
pulmonary edema
Assessment, Health History and Sputum Production: Foul-smelling sputum and bad breath point to the presence of
lung abscess, bronchiectasis, or an infection
Assessment, Health History and Chest Pain: Signs when associated with pulmonary conditions?
Sharp, stabbing or intermittent or may be dull aching and persistent.
Assessment, Health History and Chest Pain: Pain felt where?
On the side where the pathologic process is located
Assessment, Health History and Chest Pain: Lung disease and Thoracic pain
Doesn’t always cause thoracic pain because lungs and visceral pleura lack sensory nerves
Assessment, Health History and Chest Pain: Pleura and pain information
Parietal pleura have a rich supply of sensory nerves that are stimulated by inflammation and sretching
Assessment, Health History and Chest Pain: How to relieve Pleural pain?
Lay on the affected side because the position splints the chest wall, limiting expansion of the wall
Assessment, Health History and Wheezing: What is wheezing?
A high pitched muscle sound hard on either expiration (asthma) or inspiration (bronchitis).
Major find in those with bronchoconstriction or air-way narrowing
Assessment, Health History and Hemoptysis: What is this?
Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract. Usually sudden
Assessment, Health History and Hemoptysis: Most common causes?
Pulmonary Infection
Carcinoma of the lungs
Abnormalities of heart
Pulmonary artery or vein abnormalities
PE or Infarction
Assessment, Health History and Hemoptysis: What does blood from the lung look like?
Bright red, frothy, and mixed with sputum.
Assessment, Health History and Hemoptysis: What does blood from the stomach look like?
Mixed with food , is vomitted, and usually much darker