Exam 2 Arthrology Flashcards
joints
articulations
- point of contact between bones, bones and cartilage, and bones and teeth
- functions to: (a) support the body and protect organs, (b) permit effective movements
- have varying degrees of mobility
- classified based on structure or function
structural classification
bony
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
bony joints
gap between two bones ossifies and they become one bone
fibrous joints
no joint cavity present, bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
cartilaginous joints
no joint cavity present, bone held together by cartilage
synovial joints
fluid-filled joint cavity separates the articulating surfaces
functional classification
synostosis (together, bone)
synarthrosis (together, joint)
amphiarthrosis (slightly mobile)
diarthrosis (freely mobile)
synostosis
- bony joints can result from ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints
i. e. right and left frontal or mandibular bones (infant); cranial sutures obliterate; cranial bones fuse (older adults)
fibrous joint types
sutures
gomphoses
syndesmoses
sutures
synarthrosis
fibers very short, little to no mobility
i.e. skull bones
gomphoses
synarthrosis
fibers very short, little to no mobility
i.e. tooth attached to socket
syndesmoses
amphiarthrosis
fibers are longer, allows for some movement
i.e. interosseous membrane between radius, ulna; distal end of tibia fibula
suture classification
serrate
lap
plane
cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis
symphysis
synchondrosis
hyaline cartilage
synarthrosis
i.e. 1st costosternal jt., epiphyseal plate
symphysis
fibrocartilage
amphiarthrosis
i.e. pubic symphysis, IVD, manubriosternal jt.
How would you classify intervertebral joints of the sacrum and coccyx in the middle-aged adult?
synarthrosis
cartilaginous
amphiarthrosis
synovial joints
aka diarthrosis
- most structurally complex
- varying degrees of mobility
- most likely to develop crippling dysfunctions
synovial joint anatomy
- surfaces of bone covered with articular cartilage
2. separated by joint cavity with synovial fluid
joint capsule
outer fibrous: continuous with periosteum
inner synovial: cellular
articular disc
fibrocartilage pad that crosses the entire joint capsule
meniscus
fibrocartilage pad that does NOT cross the entire joint capsule
tendons
sheet of tough collagenous CT attaching muscle to bone
ligaments
similar tissue connecting bone to bone
bursa
fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid; located between adjacent muscles, between bone and skin, or where tendons pass over bone
tendon sheaths
bursae that are elongated cylinders wrapped around a tendon, present in the hand and foot
ginglymus
hinge
typically uniaxial
flexio, extension
i.e. interphalangeal, cubital, talocrural jts.
trochoid
pivot
typically uniaxial
rotation
i.e. atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar jts.
condyloid
ellipsoidal
typically biaxial
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
i.e. metacarpophalangial, radiocarpal, knee, atlantooccipital, temporomandibular* jts.
sellar
saddle
typically biaxial
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
i.e. carpometacarpal of thumb, sternoclavicular* jts.
plane
gliding
typically multiracial
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
zygapophyseal, sternocostal, intercarpal/tarsal, acromioclavicular, costovertebral, sacroiliac* jts.
spheroid
ball and socket
typically multiaxial
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
glenohumeral, coxofemoral jts.
TMJ
elements of hinge, condylar, plane
glenohumeral joint
shoulder joint
synovial, diarthrosis, multiaxial
glenoid labrum
fibrocartilage ring that creates a deeper socket at the GH joint
GH ligaments
coracohumeral, transvers humeral, 3 glenohumeral ligaments
GH tendons
rotator cuff, biceps brachii
GH bursae
subcoracoid, sub scapular, subacromial, subdeltoid
elbow
humeroulnar joint
humeroradial joint
radioulnar joint
elbow ligaments
radial and ulnar collateral
elbow bursae
olecranon
coxal joint
hip joint
synovial, diarthrosis, multiaxial
acetabular labrum
fibrocartilage ring of hip joint
coxal ligaments
iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres and transverse acetabular ligament
knee joint
double condyloid, some rotation
tibiofemoral - hinge
patellofemoral - plane
Medial and lateral meniscus
knee ligaments
Anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, medial and lateral collateral ligaments