Exam 1 Osteology - Vertebrae Flashcards
vertebral functions
support/weight bearing attachments for muscles protection of spinal cord passage of spinal nerves motion shock absorption
vertebral formula
C7, T12, L5, S5, Cy 3-6
primary curves
present at birth
secondary curves
develop after birth
lordotic
curves anterior
kyphotic
curves posterior
basic structures of vertebrae
body, pedicle, lamina, spinous process, transverse process, superior/inferior articular processes, vertebral foramen
neural arch
formed by 2 pedicles, 2 lamina
pars interarticularis
portion between superior and inferior articular processes
intervertebral foramen
formed by superior vertebral notch of one vertebrae and inferior vertebral notch of another
boundaries of IVF
pedicle of superior vertebra vertebral body of superior vertebra vertebral body of inferior vertebra (cervical incl. uncinate process) pedicle of inferior vertebra Z-joint
facet joint
aka zygapophyseal joint (z-joint), synovial joint
formed by superior and inferior articular facets
intervertebral joint
symphysis, amphiarthrotic
intervertebral discs
23 total, C2-C3 down to L5-S1
IVD functions
shock absorption
attach vertebral bodies together
form secondary curves
anterior wall of the IVF
IVD components
nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosus
characteristics of cervical vertebra
- support/movement of head, most complicated articular system (37 joints)
- most movement than other spinal regions
- smallest of the 24 moveable vertebrae
- curved anterior to aid in shock absorption
- vertebral foramen is large/triangular shaped
- all have transverse foramen
- superior surface of body is concave, inferior is convex
atypical cervical vertebrae
C1, C2, C7
typical cervical vertebrae
C3-C6
Why is C1 atypical?
no spinous process
no vertebral body
Why is C2 atypical?
has dens
Why is C7 atypical?
vertebral prominens
no costotransverse bar
vertebral artery does not pass through transverse foramen (accessory vertebral vein does)
Difference between inferior and superior articular facts on the atlas?
superior is more elongated
inferior is more rounded
Can palpate bifid spinous process of C2
2 inches below EOP
What is another term for the axis?
epistropheus
What properties do the typical cervical vertebrae have in common?
- bifid spinous process
- costotransverse bar
- transverse foramen
- inferior/superior tubercle of transverse process
- uncinate process
Function of vertebral prominens
provide balance, enable movement, prevent excessive movement
thoracic vertebrae
aka dorsal
spinous process are long, slender, directed inferiorly
facets parallel to coronal plane
costal facets
articulation point for ribs
demifacets
articulation point for ribs, only partially
Why is T1 atypical?
whole superior costal facet
inferior demifacet
Why is T9 atypical?
single superior demifacet
Why is T10 atypical?
one pair whole facets
Why is T11 atypical?
one pair whole facets
no transverse costal facet
short spinous process
Why is T12 atypical?
one pair whole facets
inferior articular facets face anterior and laterally
articular surfaces on typical thoracic
12 surfaces: superior/inferior body 2 superior articular facets 2 inferior articular facets 3 demifacets on each side of the body
lumbar vertebrae characteristics
mammillary process accessory process pars interarticularis spinous process sagittal angle of superior/inferior articular facets
mammillary process
on superior articular facets
accessory process
on inferior base of transverse process
Why is L5 atypical
body is wedge-shaped
transverse lines of sacrum
fusion of sacral bones, 18-25y
median sacral crest
fusion of spinous processes of sacral bones
normal lumbosacral angle
130-160 degrees
manubriosternal joint
aka sternal angle, angle of Louis
rib R or L?
head back groove down
vertebrosternal
true ribs #1-7
vertebrochondral
false ribs #8-10
floating ribs
11-12, no tubercles
articulars on C1
5
articulars on C2
9
articulars on C3-6
10
articulars on C7
10
articulars on T1
10
articulars on T11-12
8
articulars on L1-5
6
vertebrae development
origin - sclerotome
endochondral ossification
sternum development
endochondral ossification
rib development
origin: sclerotome
endochondral ossification
articulars on typical thoracic
12