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SF2 SHSUCOM > Exam 2- Antibiotics > Flashcards

Exam 2- Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the beta lactams?

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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2
Q

How do the beta lactams work?

A

They inhibit the peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis by binding to PBP protein which then inhibits transpeptidase from cross linking peptides between NAMs.

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3
Q

How do G+ bacteria create resistance to beta lactams?

A
  • reduce binding affinity of beta lactams to PBPs
  • produce beta lactamases
  • over production of PBPs (watering down)
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4
Q

How can beta lactamase production be overcome?

A

Combining antibiotics with non-antibiotic

  • Amoxicillin + clavulanate
  • Ampicillin + sulbactam
  • Piperacillin + tazobactam
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5
Q

How to bacteria reduce affinity of beta lactams to PBPs?

A

incorporates antibiotic resistant bacterial DNA into the host cell which modifies the active site of the PBP and reduces the affintity

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6
Q

What is the antibiotic resistance mechanism for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

since antibiotics enter via porins, they make fewer porins

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7
Q

What are the natural penicillins?

A

KONG V

Pen G and Pen V most common

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8
Q

How is Pen G given and why?

A

IV or IM because it is susceptible to acid

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9
Q

What are the side effects of natural penicillins?

A

hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)

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10
Q

What are natural penicillins given for?

A

narrow spectrum G+

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11
Q

Why is methicillin no longer commonly used?

A

MRSA (bacteria created a new PBP)

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12
Q

What antibiotics are beta lactamase resistant?

A

Methicillin

Nafcillin

Cloxacillin

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13
Q

What is nafcillin commonly associated with? How is it cleared?

A

neutropenia (decrease in neutrophils)

cleared via biliary secretion

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14
Q

How does Cloxacillin prevent beta lactamase from binding? How is it cleared?

A

large R chain

cleared by the kidneys

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15
Q

What bacteria are beta lactamase resistant antibiotics used to treat?

A

narrow spectrum G+

** staphylococci and streptococci infections!! **

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16
Q

What are the aminopenicillins?

A

Ampicillin

Amoxicillin

Pivampicillin

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17
Q

How are aminopenicillins enhanced?

A

combining with clavulanate

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18
Q

What are the side effects of aminopenicillins?

A

Rashes

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19
Q

What conditions are aminopenicillins used to treat?

A

sinusitis, otitis media, chronic bronchitis, and epiglottitis

20
Q

What are the aminopenicillins susceptible to?

A

beta lactamases

21
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat pseudomonal infections?

A

piperacillin

22
Q

What is piperacillin indicated for?

A

bacteremia and pneumonia

pts with neutropenia

pseudomal infections

23
Q

What is the current concern about cephalosporins?

A

the extended-spectrum B lactamases produced by certain strains of E coli and Klebsiella

24
Q

What is the difference between penicillin and cephalosporins?

A

both have the same mechanism of action but cephalosporins tend to be more stable to beta lactamases giving them a broader spectrum

25
Q

What is the 1st generation cephalosporin antibiotics?

A

Cefazolin

Cephalexin

Cefalotin

26
Q

How is cefazolin given?

A

IV or IM

27
Q

If a patient with impaired renal function needed to be administered cefazolin, what would need to be done?

A

Dose would need to be reduced since cefazolin is cleared via kidneys

** if glomerular filtration/tubular secretion isn’t working optimally, cefazolin cannot be cleared as effectively increasing concentration in the plasma **

28
Q

What antibiotic is given for surgical prophalactic?

A

cefazolin

29
Q

What are the 2nd generation cephalosporins?

A

Cefotetan

Cefuroxime

30
Q

What is cefotetan often prescribed for?

A

G+ respiratory tract infections

31
Q

Which cephalosporin is has some anaerobic bacteria action?

A

cefuroxime

32
Q

What beta lactamase bacteria are the 2nd generation cephalosporins good for?

A

H. influenzae

Moraxella catarrhalis

33
Q

What are the 3rd generation cephalosporins?

A

Cefotaxime

Ceftriaxone

34
Q

What is cefotaxine good for?

A

G- and penicillin resistant bacteria

35
Q

What generation of cephalosporins cross the blood brain barrier?

A

3rd gen

36
Q

What are the 4th gen cephalosporins?

A

Cefepime

37
Q

What is the 5th gen cephalosporins?

A

Ceftaroline

38
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat MRSA?

A

Ceftaroline

39
Q

What drugs other than beta lactams target the cell wall?

A

vancomycin

bacitracin

fosfomycin

40
Q

What drugs target the plasma membrane?

A

daptomycin

polymyxins

41
Q

Which antibiotic is known to cause C. diff colitis? What type of antibiotic is it?

A

clindamycin - it is a macrolide

42
Q

What are clindamycin used for?

A

anaerobic infections, MRSA infections, and cellulitis

43
Q

How do macrolides work?

A

they inhibit protein synthesis (50s)

44
Q

What are the side effects of the macrolides?

A

GI issues, deafness, increased QT interval

45
Q

What would treat H. pylori and what type of bacteria is it?

A

Clarithromycin- it is a G- microaerophilic spiral

46
Q

What are the macrolide antibiotics?

A

** mycin or in ending**

clindamycin

azithromycin

clarithromycin

SF2 SHSUCOM (6 decks)

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