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SF2 SHSUCOM > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria can be polycistronic. What does this mean?

A

More than one protein is encoded on a single mRNA

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2
Q

What are mycoplasms?

A

smallest and simplest bacteria and lack a cell wall

contain sterol in the membrane

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3
Q

What the obligate intracellular bacteria?

A

Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae

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4
Q

What does autotrophic mean?

A

organisms that derive their energy from either sunlight or inorganic compounds in order to synthesize complex organic compounds

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5
Q

In regard to energy sources, what are most animals and fungi classified as?

A

chemoorganoheterotrophs

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6
Q

What does heterotrophic mean?

A

organisms that are unable to create their own energy and have to derive it from other complex organic organisms

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7
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

can survive in aerobic or anaerobic environments

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8
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

when bacteria exploit cell to cell communication in order to regulate transcription

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9
Q

What bacteria utilizes clumping factor A to bind to fibrinogen?

A

S. aureus

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10
Q

What bacteria utilizes MSCRAMM to bind to ECM components?

A

Staphylococcus spp.

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11
Q

What type of bacteria use LTA + M protein, protein F or MSCRAMM to bind ECM?

A

Group A strep

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12
Q

In a UTI infection, E coli utilizes what adhesion method?

A

P fimbriae to adhere P blood group glycolipids

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13
Q

What bacteria adhere to N acetylhexosamine-galactose?

A

S. pneumoniae

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14
Q

E. coli utilize type 1 fimbriae to adhere to

A

D-mannose

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15
Q

Shigella adheres to integrins on _____ of intestinal cells which causes?

A

M cells to cause actin polymerization to induce engulfment

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16
Q

Once shigella is in a cell, how does it harm the cell?

A

it activates apoptosis

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17
Q

Shigella can be classified as a _____ intracellular bacteria.

A

facultative

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18
Q

What enzymes do S. aureus use to protect itself from host defenses?

A

coagulases

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19
Q

S. pyrogenes produces what enzyme to break down clots the body has formed to isolate the infection?

A

streptokinase

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20
Q

What do coagulases do?

A

convert fibrinogen into fibrin (forms clots)

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21
Q

What does streptokinase do?

A

converts plasminogen into plasmin (breaks down clots)

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22
Q

Streptococci, staphylococci and C. perfringens all utilize what enzyme to promote their spread throughout the body?

A

hyaluronidase

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23
Q

How does Clostridia facilitate the spread of gas gangrene?

A

collagenase

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24
Q

Lipoprotein is associated with what bacteria?

A

gram negative

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25
Q

Lipoteichoic acid is associated with what bacteria?

A

gram positive

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26
Q

O antigens within the LPS are associated with what kind of bacteria?

A

gram negative

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27
Q

What is the primary mechanism of pathogenicity for streptococci?

A

M protein

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28
Q

What type of bacteria secrete siderophores and when?

A

Gram negative

when they need iron

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29
Q

How do siderophores work?

A

they have a higher affinity for iron and steal it from iron transport ps

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30
Q

What bacteria are known for ingesting iron transport proteins in order to take in their iron?

A

N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis

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31
Q

What does direct damage mean?

A

bacteria use the host cell’s nutrients and produce waste

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32
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

proteins produced IN the bacteria and then released out of the cell

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33
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

lipid A of the outer membrane of the LPS of gram negative and released when the cell wall lyses or breaks apart

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34
Q

Once toxins are released, what do they do?

A

elicit an inflammatory response and activates the complement system

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35
Q

What toxin was well known during WWII?

A

C. tetani

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36
Q

How does vaccination work for toxin-producing bacteria?

A

it neutralizes the toxin if you become infected

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37
Q

What are toxoids?

A

inactivated exotoxins given as a vaccine

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38
Q

What are the 3 types of exotoxins?

A

A-B toxins

Membrane disrupting toxins

Superantigens

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39
Q

What type of exotoxins are superantigens?

A

type I exotoxins

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40
Q

How C. tetani toxin work?

A
  1. uptake of toxin into motor neuron
  2. subunit A exits endosome
  3. transported to inhibitory neuron
  4. subunit A cleaves synaptobrevin
  5. fuses with neurotransmitter vesicle (GABA or glycine) to BLOCK its release
  6. ACh continuously released at synaptic cleft
  7. muscle cell stays continually contracted causing spastic paralysis
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41
Q

How does C. diphtheriae toxin work?

A
  1. subunit B binds cell
  2. A-B subunits taken into cell
  3. subunit A is released into cytoplasm
  4. subunit A attaches an ADP ribosyl group to EF2 to INHIBIT it
  5. Arrests protein synthesis by hindering translation
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42
Q

How does C. botulinum toxin work?

A

Similar to C. tetani but blocks the release of ACh so it INHIBITS muscle stimulation causing flaccid paralysis

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43
Q

How does V. cholerae toxin work?

A
  1. subunit B binds the cell’s ganglioside molecules
  2. Fragment A1 enters the cell
  3. A1 causes ADP-ribosylation of the Gs alpha subunit ps
  4. Gs alpha can no longer convert GTP to GDP
  5. Gs alpha stays active and increases adenylate cyclase
  6. HIGH concentration of cAMP over activates PKA
  7. PKA then phosphorylates CTFR
  8. efflux of Cl- and water into lumen leads to diarrhea
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44
Q

How does S. dysenteriae toxin work?

A
  1. AB subunits bind Gb3 on cell
  2. A subunit converts to N-glycosidase
  3. eliminates 1 adenine from 28S rRNA
  4. inhibition of translation leads to cell death
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45
Q

How do the C. perfringens toxins work?

A

CPE binds

alpha toxin- lecithinase that damages cell membranes

beta toxin- maybe pores??

epsilon toxin- membrane pores

theta toxin- necrotizing hemolysin

delta toxin- hemolysin

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46
Q

How does L. monocytogenes toxins work?

A
  1. produce membrane attack ps
  2. these lyse phagolysosome membranes
  3. microbes are released into cytoplasm and propegate listeriolysin O and phospholipases
  4. secrete more membrane attack ps causing release of microbes from phagocyte
  5. infection of neighboring cells
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47
Q

How does C. diff toxins work?

A

inhibits Rho activation so GTPases cannot convert GTP to GDP

48
Q

Streptolysin O (SLO) is inactivated by

A

O2

49
Q

Streptolysin S (SLS) is stable in the presence of

A

O2

50
Q

Streptolysin S (SLS) is stable in the presence of

A

O2

51
Q

How do S. aureus toxins work?

A

damage the desmosomes that hold skin cells together leading to scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin)

52
Q

How does B. anthracis toxin work?

A

EF and LF bind PA and are transferred to cytoplasm

EF binds calmodulin and activates adenylate cyclase leading to over production of cAMP

LF cleaves MAPKK disrupting cell signals and leading to cell death

53
Q

How does B. pertussis toxin work?

A

toxin binds Gi alpha subunit blocking GDP to GTP

it can no longer regulate adenylate cyclase

this leads to an over production of cAMP

54
Q

A patient presents with thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and kidney failure. What disease do you suspect and what causes it?

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by E. coli verotoxins

55
Q

A patient comes in with gastroenteritis due to eating soup on a buffet. What was the cause?

A

C. perfringens

56
Q

What causes TSST-1?

A

S. aureus

57
Q

What is the most common cause of food poisioning?

A

S. aureus

58
Q

What pathogen would produce a positive catalase test?

A

Staph aureus

59
Q

A lower UTI is usually caused by?

A

E. coli

60
Q

A UTI can progress into pyelonephritis. What is the usual cause?

A

E. coli

61
Q

Proteus UTI infections are positive for

A

urease

62
Q

What color do gram negatives stain?

A

purple

63
Q

What are bacterial cell walls composed of?

A

peptidoglycan NAG & NAM lattices

64
Q

What connects NAG and NAM rows?

A

tetrapeptides D&L

65
Q

What does DAP of gram negs adhere to?

A

D-alanine

66
Q

Gram positive cell walls contain several layers of

A

peptidoglycan

67
Q

Gram pos cell walls contain

A

teichoic acid OR lipoteichoic acid

68
Q

What is teichoic acid?

A

glycerol-phosphate repeats

69
Q

What is the purpose of teichoic acid in GRAM POS?

A
  1. bind and regulate movement of cations
  2. provide rigidity
  3. antigenicity
70
Q

Gram negs cell walls contain

A

an outer membrane consisting of LPS

71
Q

Where are peptidoglycans located in bacteria?

A

cytoplasmic membrane

72
Q

Archaea have what kind of cell walls?

A

no cell wall OR pseudomurein

NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN

73
Q

What identifies mycobacteria?

A

acid fast staining CARBOFUCHSIN & HEAT

74
Q

Where is the periplasmic space?

A

Between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane

75
Q

Why do mycobacteria not stain easily?

A

a lot of lipids in cell wall that prevents entry of Gram stain

76
Q

In order for gram negs to be effected by lysozymes, what do the cells need to be treated with first?

A

EDTA to chelating cations

77
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

it destroys the peptidoglycan cross bridges

78
Q

What diseases does S. aureus cause?

A

ASSIST-

A- acute endocarditis
S- scalded skin syndrome
S- Staph pneumonia
 I- impetigo
S- staph food poisoning
T- TSS
79
Q

What does S. epi cause?

A

infection of prosthetic heart valves

infection of catheters and shunts

80
Q

What would be the positive test results of S. aureus culture?

A

grAm positive
catAlase positive
coAgulase postive

81
Q

What would be the test results of S. epi?

A

catalasE positive

urEase positive

82
Q

What does S. saprophyticus cause?

A

UTIs

83
Q

What is S. saprophyticus resistant to?

A

novobiocin

84
Q

What does S. pyrogenes cause?

A

NPSRPP- Nice Posie Sent Ryan Pretty Golfballs

N- necrotizing fasciitis
P- pharyngitis
S- scarlet fever
R- rheumatic fever
P- pericarditis
G- glomerulonephritis
85
Q

What does S. pneumoniae cause?

A

MOP

M- meningitis

O- otitis media

P- pneumococcal pneumonia

86
Q

What is the main virulence factor of S. pneumoniae?

A

polysaccharide capsule

87
Q

Why do capsules contribute to virulence?

A

They avoid phagocytosis

88
Q

What are the common signs of scarlet fever and what causes it?

A

erythmatous rash, strawberry tongue, peeling skin

caused by pyrogenic exotoxin of S. pyrogenes

89
Q

What does S. viridans cause?

A

bacterial endocarditis dental work

90
Q

What does S. mutans cause?

A

dental caries

91
Q

What organism can lead to neonatal meningitis that is transferred during birth?

A

S. agalactiae Group B

92
Q

At a potluck, rice is left sitting out on a table for several hours. Everyone ends up with watery diarrhea and nausea shortly after eating. What caused this and what is the virulent mechanism?

A

Bacillus cereus due to the spores/exotoxins

93
Q

How does tetanus cause disease?

A

spores found in soil release tetanospasmin toxin which INHIBITS GABA/Glycine release so ACh is continuously released and the muscle stays contracted

94
Q

How does C. botulin cause disease?

A

It blocks the release of ACh so muscles cannot contract— flaccid paralysis

95
Q

What does C. perfringens cause?

A

abdominal pain and diarrhea– 8-12 hr incubation

96
Q

Where is C. perfringens common?

A

meats, stews, poultry left warm for too long

97
Q

What does C. diptheriae cause?

A

grey exudate on tonsils or grey sores on skin

98
Q

What can H. influenzae cause?

A

COPE

C- conjunctivitis

O- otitis media

P- pneumonia

E- epiglottitis

99
Q

What causes ophthalmia neonatum and hyperacute conjunctivitis?

A

N. gonorrhea

100
Q

What are the gram positive bacteria other than staphs and streps?

A

B. cereus

C. tetanus

C. botulin

C. perfringens

C. diff

C. diphtheriae

101
Q

What toxin inhibits elongation factor 2?

A

C. diphtheriae

102
Q

What toxins have A & B subunits?

A

diphtheria, tetani, botulin, shiga, S. aureus exfoliative, anthrax, cholera, pertussis

103
Q

What toxins cause cAMP to overproduce?

A

cholera, pertussis, and EF of anthrax

104
Q

C. perfringens has several toxin forms. What is the alpha toxin mechanism?

A

lecithinase causes massive hemolysis, bleeding, heart and liver issues

105
Q

How does the C. perf enterotoxin work?

A

breaks occludins between intestinal cells

106
Q

What are the membrane disrupting toxins?

A

C. diff, staph and strep, mono, and C. perf

107
Q

Which bacteria produce leukocidins?

A

staph and strep

108
Q

Which streptolysin (strep hemolysin) is unstable in O2?

A

streptolysin O

109
Q

What bacteria produce toxins that lyse phagolysosomes?

A

Listeria mono

110
Q

Which bacteria inhibits GTPases inhibiting Rho?

A

C. diff

111
Q

Which bacteria produce superantigens?

A

S. aureus and Beta hemolytic strep

112
Q

What type of bacteria produce EXOtoxins?

A

Gram +

113
Q

What bacteria produce ENDOtoxins?

A

Gram -

114
Q

Which bacteria evade phagocytosis?

A

M protein of S. pyrogenes and pili of N. gonorrhea

115
Q

What is the purpose of protein A for S. aureus?

A

binds Fc portion of IgG preventing complement activation

116
Q

What bacteria produce capsules?

A

THE LUNG & BRAIN DISEASE ONES- pneumonia, anthrax, meningitis, Hib

117
Q

Which bacteria produce spores

A

only gram + Clostridium and Bacillus species

SF2 SHSUCOM (6 decks)

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