Exam 2 - Allergic Disease Flashcards
Which immunoglobulin is produced instead of IgG in Allergic Disease?
IgE
Name the four important interleukin cytokines in Allergic Disease.
1) IL-4
2) IL-9
3) IL-4
4) IL-13
T/F: Asthma is allergy-dependent and allergy-independent.
TRUE
Which TH cytokines deal with Allergic Disease?
TH2 cytokines
Which interleukin cytokine causes isotype switching of IgG to IgE?
IL-4
What is the most crucial cell type in Allergic Disease?
T Cell - T helper type 2 cell
Which is the most crucial cytokine involved in Allergic Disease?
IL-4
When there is an abundance of TH2 cells, there is overproduction of _____.
When there is an abundance of TH2 cells, there is overproduction of IL-4.
When there is an abundance of ____ ___, there is overproduction of IL-4.
When there is an abundance of TH2 CELLS, there is overproduction of IL-4.
IL-4 is a growth factor for ___ cells.
IL-4 is a growth factor for B cells.
What do B cells secrete?
IgE
Name the receptor for the Fc binding site of IgE.
Fc epsilon receptor
What is the role of Fc epsilon receptor?
It is the receptor for the Fc binding site of IgE.
Why does nothing happen the first time someone is exposed to allergen?
Because the person is not SENSITIZED
What does it mean to be sensitized to an allergen?
You have already been exposed to an antigen/allergen and you have produced a response against it
T/F: You do not have to be sensitized to produce an allergic reaction.
FALSE
-You have to be sensitized to produce an allergic reaction
What is another term for individuals who have allergic disease?
ATOPY
What does atopy mean?
Individuals who have allergic disease are also called Atopy; genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases
What are the predominant factors responsible for producing allergic disease?
IL-4 and IgE
What is the major cytokine in asthma?
IL-13
What is IL-13 a major cytokine in?
ASTHMA
What will allergen bind to with a second exposure?
IgE Fab region and mast cells
What do mast cells secrete?
Histamine, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and several other cytokines
Hay fever, itching, and wheezing are signs of what?
An allergic reaction
Which cytokines are involved in mucus production?
IL-9 and IL-5
IL-9 and IL-5 are involved in _____ production.
IL-9 and IL-55 are involved in MUCUS production.
Which cytokine is the growth factor for eosinophils?
IL-5
IgE binds to ____ cells via Fc receptors.
IgE binds to MAST cells via Fc receptors.
What mediators are released in Allergic Disease?
Histamine, Leukotriene, and other vasoactive substances
What does a typical allergic reaction look like?
- Hay fever
- Asthma
- Atopic eczema
- Drug and food allergy
- Anaphylaxis
T/F: People cannot have a genetic predisposition.
FALSE
-People can have a genetic predisposition for allergic disease.
What are the environmental factors that can lead to Allergic Disease?
Allergen load
Viral infections
Exposure to pollutants
What is the hygiene hypothesis in terms of Allergic Disease?
Homes in urban areas are cleaner than homes in rural areas; more disposition to develop TH2 response; less infection = less viral exposure
T/F: IgE was made to fight parasites.
TRUE
T/F: Allergies run in families, and they tend to have higher levels of IL-4 (thus the production of IgE and Allergic Disease).
TRUE
Can you have a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to Allergic Disease?
YES
Name 6 types of allergens.
1) Tree pollen
2) Grasses
3) Dust mites
4) Mold
5) Drugs (some)
6) Food
What does a high IL-4 lead to?
Production of IgE
What is the name of the dermal allergy test given in suspected Allergic Disease patients?
Wheal and Flare Reaction
What is used as a control in Wheal and Flare reactions?
HISTAMINE
How long do you hold glucocorticoids prior to a dermal allergy test?
72 hours
How long do you hold histamine before a dermal allergy test?
48 hours
In a Wheal and Flare reaction what is the center part called?
Wheal
In a Wheal and Flare reaction what is the rim called?
Flare
In a Wheal and Flare reaction how is it scored?
Based on size
Why does redness occur in a Wheal and Flare reaction?
Because locally diluted blood vessels that are engorged in RBCs
What is the cause of the sub-swelling in the middle part of a Wheal and Flare reaction?
Because leakage of plasma (leaking from endothelial cells)
Wheal and Flare reactions are _____ _______ reactions.
Wheal and Flare reactions are IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions.
What 2 types of cells are in the Wheal?
Endothelial cells
Mast cells
When would a late phase reaction begin in Allergic Disease?
2 hours after immediate hypersensitivity reaction
What does PMN stand for?
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
What two cell types does the late phase reaction of involve?
1) PMN
2) CD4+
___ ____ reaction is manifested by red edematous swelling in skin, blockage in nose, and wheezing in lungs.
LATE PHASE reaction is manifested by red edematous swelling in skin, blockage in nose, and wheezing in lungs.
Which leukotrienes cause smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, hypersecretion of mucus and increased vascular permeability?
C4
D4
E4
T/F: Atopic asthmatics could develop late phase reaction even in the absence of immediate hypersensitivity.
TRUE
Immediate hypersensitivity is mast cell _____ and HLA _____.
Immediate hypersensitivity is mast cell INDEPENDENT and HLA DEPENDENT.
What does HLA-dependent mean in allergic inflammation?
HLA molecules control presentation in late phase reactions.
-T cells are involved
T/F: GM-CSF plays a role in allergic inflammation.
TRUE
Name the four most important cytokines in allergic inflammation.
1) IL-4
2) IL-5
3) IL-9
4) IL-13
What secretes IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13?
TH2 Cells
What receptors are linked to the pathogenesis of asthmatic disease?
IL-1 receptors, toll like receptors, and CCR8 receptors
T/F: Atopy runs in families.
TRUE
Allergens, antigens producing allergic reactions are ____.
Allergens, antigens producing allergic reactions are PROTEINS.
TH2 cells secrete __-_ required for isotype switching.
TH2 cells secrete IL-4 required for isotype switching.
IL-4 stimulates ____ recruitment.
IL-4 stimulates EOSINOPHIL recruitment.
T/F: Immediate hypersensitivity is T cell dependent.
TRUE
-HLA dependent = T cell involvement
