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PHA 430 - Immunopharmacology and Biotechnology > Exam 2 - Allergic Disease > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Allergic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which immunoglobulin is produced instead of IgG in Allergic Disease?

A

IgE

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2
Q

Name the four important interleukin cytokines in Allergic Disease.

A

1) IL-4
2) IL-9
3) IL-4
4) IL-13

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3
Q

T/F: Asthma is allergy-dependent and allergy-independent.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Which TH cytokines deal with Allergic Disease?

A

TH2 cytokines

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5
Q

Which interleukin cytokine causes isotype switching of IgG to IgE?

A

IL-4

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6
Q

What is the most crucial cell type in Allergic Disease?

A

T Cell - T helper type 2 cell

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7
Q

Which is the most crucial cytokine involved in Allergic Disease?

A

IL-4

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8
Q

When there is an abundance of TH2 cells, there is overproduction of _____.

A

When there is an abundance of TH2 cells, there is overproduction of IL-4.

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9
Q

When there is an abundance of ____ ___, there is overproduction of IL-4.

A

When there is an abundance of TH2 CELLS, there is overproduction of IL-4.

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10
Q

IL-4 is a growth factor for ___ cells.

A

IL-4 is a growth factor for B cells.

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11
Q

What do B cells secrete?

A

IgE

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12
Q

Name the receptor for the Fc binding site of IgE.

A

Fc epsilon receptor

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13
Q

What is the role of Fc epsilon receptor?

A

It is the receptor for the Fc binding site of IgE.

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14
Q

Why does nothing happen the first time someone is exposed to allergen?

A

Because the person is not SENSITIZED

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15
Q

What does it mean to be sensitized to an allergen?

A

You have already been exposed to an antigen/allergen and you have produced a response against it

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16
Q

T/F: You do not have to be sensitized to produce an allergic reaction.

A

FALSE

-You have to be sensitized to produce an allergic reaction

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17
Q

What is another term for individuals who have allergic disease?

A

ATOPY

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18
Q

What does atopy mean?

A

Individuals who have allergic disease are also called Atopy; genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases

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19
Q

What are the predominant factors responsible for producing allergic disease?

A

IL-4 and IgE

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20
Q

What is the major cytokine in asthma?

A

IL-13

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21
Q

What is IL-13 a major cytokine in?

A

ASTHMA

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22
Q

What will allergen bind to with a second exposure?

A

IgE Fab region and mast cells

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23
Q

What do mast cells secrete?

A

Histamine, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and several other cytokines

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24
Q

Hay fever, itching, and wheezing are signs of what?

A

An allergic reaction

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25
Q

Which cytokines are involved in mucus production?

A

IL-9 and IL-5

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26
Q

IL-9 and IL-5 are involved in _____ production.

A

IL-9 and IL-55 are involved in MUCUS production.

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27
Q

Which cytokine is the growth factor for eosinophils?

A

IL-5

28
Q

IgE binds to ____ cells via Fc receptors.

A

IgE binds to MAST cells via Fc receptors.

29
Q

What mediators are released in Allergic Disease?

A

Histamine, Leukotriene, and other vasoactive substances

30
Q

What does a typical allergic reaction look like?

A
  • Hay fever
  • Asthma
  • Atopic eczema
  • Drug and food allergy
  • Anaphylaxis
31
Q

T/F: People cannot have a genetic predisposition.

A

FALSE

-People can have a genetic predisposition for allergic disease.

32
Q

What are the environmental factors that can lead to Allergic Disease?

A

Allergen load
Viral infections
Exposure to pollutants

33
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis in terms of Allergic Disease?

A

Homes in urban areas are cleaner than homes in rural areas; more disposition to develop TH2 response; less infection = less viral exposure

34
Q

T/F: IgE was made to fight parasites.

A

TRUE

35
Q

T/F: Allergies run in families, and they tend to have higher levels of IL-4 (thus the production of IgE and Allergic Disease).

A

TRUE

36
Q

Can you have a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to Allergic Disease?

A

YES

37
Q

Name 6 types of allergens.

A

1) Tree pollen
2) Grasses
3) Dust mites
4) Mold
5) Drugs (some)
6) Food

38
Q

What does a high IL-4 lead to?

A

Production of IgE

39
Q

What is the name of the dermal allergy test given in suspected Allergic Disease patients?

A

Wheal and Flare Reaction

40
Q

What is used as a control in Wheal and Flare reactions?

A

HISTAMINE

41
Q

How long do you hold glucocorticoids prior to a dermal allergy test?

A

72 hours

42
Q

How long do you hold histamine before a dermal allergy test?

A

48 hours

43
Q

In a Wheal and Flare reaction what is the center part called?

A

Wheal

44
Q

In a Wheal and Flare reaction what is the rim called?

A

Flare

45
Q

In a Wheal and Flare reaction how is it scored?

A

Based on size

46
Q

Why does redness occur in a Wheal and Flare reaction?

A

Because locally diluted blood vessels that are engorged in RBCs

47
Q

What is the cause of the sub-swelling in the middle part of a Wheal and Flare reaction?

A

Because leakage of plasma (leaking from endothelial cells)

48
Q

Wheal and Flare reactions are _____ _______ reactions.

A

Wheal and Flare reactions are IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions.

49
Q

What 2 types of cells are in the Wheal?

A

Endothelial cells

Mast cells

50
Q

When would a late phase reaction begin in Allergic Disease?

A

2 hours after immediate hypersensitivity reaction

51
Q

What does PMN stand for?

A

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

52
Q

What two cell types does the late phase reaction of involve?

A

1) PMN

2) CD4+

53
Q

___ ____ reaction is manifested by red edematous swelling in skin, blockage in nose, and wheezing in lungs.

A

LATE PHASE reaction is manifested by red edematous swelling in skin, blockage in nose, and wheezing in lungs.

54
Q

Which leukotrienes cause smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, hypersecretion of mucus and increased vascular permeability?

A

C4
D4
E4

55
Q

T/F: Atopic asthmatics could develop late phase reaction even in the absence of immediate hypersensitivity.

A

TRUE

56
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity is mast cell _____ and HLA _____.

A

Immediate hypersensitivity is mast cell INDEPENDENT and HLA DEPENDENT.

57
Q

What does HLA-dependent mean in allergic inflammation?

A

HLA molecules control presentation in late phase reactions.

-T cells are involved

58
Q

T/F: GM-CSF plays a role in allergic inflammation.

A

TRUE

59
Q

Name the four most important cytokines in allergic inflammation.

A

1) IL-4
2) IL-5
3) IL-9
4) IL-13

60
Q

What secretes IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13?

A

TH2 Cells

61
Q

What receptors are linked to the pathogenesis of asthmatic disease?

A

IL-1 receptors, toll like receptors, and CCR8 receptors

62
Q

T/F: Atopy runs in families.

A

TRUE

63
Q

Allergens, antigens producing allergic reactions are ____.

A

Allergens, antigens producing allergic reactions are PROTEINS.

64
Q

TH2 cells secrete __-_ required for isotype switching.

A

TH2 cells secrete IL-4 required for isotype switching.

65
Q

IL-4 stimulates ____ recruitment.

A

IL-4 stimulates EOSINOPHIL recruitment.

66
Q

T/F: Immediate hypersensitivity is T cell dependent.

A

TRUE

-HLA dependent = T cell involvement

PHA 430 - Immunopharmacology and Biotechnology (9 decks)

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