Exam 1 - Basic Immunity Review Flashcards
What are the 3 barriers to innate immunity?
1) Physical
2) Chemical
3) Cellular
Name the two physical barriers to innate immunity.
Skin
Mucous membranes
What are the examples of mucous membranes (5)?
Respiratory system Cough reflex GI system Cilia Eyelashes
What are the examples of chemical barriers in innate immunity (5)?
Hydrolytic enzymes of saliva Tears Sweat Low pH of stomach, vagina Proteolytic enzymes in small intestine
What are the examples of cellular barriers in innate immunity (6)?
General immune response Innate lymphoid cells Macrophages Eosinophils Natural killer cells Phagocytes
What do macrophages do?
Remove bacteria, viruses
T/F: Macrophages are phagocytes.
TRUE
-Mononuclear phagocytes = Macrophages
What do phagocytes do?
Remove viruses, bacteria, parasites
What type of immunity is the first line of defense against infection/disease?
Innate Immunity
T/F: Innate immunity is not present at birth.
FALSE
-Innate immunity is present at birth
T/F: Innate immunity is non-specific.
TRUE
- Will recognize anything no matter what; any antigen without discrimination
- Re-infection does not equal better immune response; SAME response as before
- Resistance does not improve with repeated infection
T/F: Innate immunity participates in phagocytosis only.
FALSE
-Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever
Identify the term for removal of pathogens.
Phagocytosis
Identify the term for a form of protection against infection.
Inflammation
Where do innate lymphoid cells develop from?
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
What type of cells are descendants of stem cells that further differentiate to create specialized cell types?
Progenitor cells
T/F: Lymphoid cells have to go to the site of injury to become active.
TRUE
-Active lymphoid cells are not in an activation state where they are produced
T/F: Only some cells in the human body develop from bone marrow.
FALSE
-All cells in the human body develop from bone marrow
What is the progenitor for all cells?
Bone marrow
Where does the complete maturation of innate lymphoid cells take place?
At the site of injury or infection
T/F: Innate lymphoid cells are activated by antigens.
FALSE
-Innate lymphoid cells are NOT activated by antigens
Name the three groups of innate lymphoid cells.
ILC1
ILC2
ILC3
What does TLR stand for?
Toll-like receptors
T/F: TLRs play a crucial role in innate immune response.
TRUE
Where are TLRs predominantly expressed?
On Antigen Presenting Cells
T/F: TLRs are pattern recognizing receptors.
TRUE
-When they recognize pattern, then an innate response will pursue
How many subtypes of TLRs are there?
10
TLR1-TLR10
Name the two TLR signaling pathways.
1) MyD88-dependent
2) TRIF-dependent
Which subtype of TLR does TRIF-dependent signaling pathway recognize?
TLR3 & TLR4
What are the 4 listed outcomes after TLRs are activated by microbes?
1) Release of anti-viral cytokines
2) Release of anti-bacterial cytokines
3) Uptake by antigen presenting cells
4) Presentation to naive helper T cells after processing
T/F: Resistance improves after repeated infections in adaptive/acquired immunity.
TRUE
-AKA Specific Immune Response
What are the three types of cells involved in adaptive/acquired immunity?
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Macrophages
T/F: Only secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the adaptive/acquire immune response.
FALSE
-Primary AND Secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the process
Name primary organs.
Bone marrow
Thymus
Name secondary organs.
Spleen
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Other lymphoid tissues
Which is the most potent and important immune response?
Adaptive/acquired immunity
What is the term for any agent inducing an immune response?
Immunogen
T/F: Immunogens always produce an immune response.
TRUE
What 3 things make up immunogens?
Foreignness
High molecular weight
Chemical complexity
What is the term for any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune response?
Antigen
Name 4 examples of antigens.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
What is an example of a strong antigenic agent?
Proteins
-More complex = more immune response
Which type of antigen (thymus-dependent or thymus-independent) produces only B cell response?
Thymus-INDEPENDENT antigens
-Produce only B cell response, humoral response
Which type of antigen (thymus-dependent or thymus-independent) produces B cell and T cell responses?
Thymus-DEPENDENT antigens
-Produces B cell (humoral) and T cell response
What is the term for soluble globulin proteins?
ANTIBODIES
What is the name for the area against which antibody was produced within antigen, to which an antibody will bind?
Epitope or Antigenic determinant
What is the term for the specific site to which antigen and antibody bind?
Epitope
What is the structure of antibody?
Four chain structure
-Two light changes and Two heavy chains
What are the names of the three fragments of equal size in antibody structures?
Fab fragment
Fc fragment
What is the name of the region where antibody binds to antigen?
Fab
T/F: Antibody will only bind to region it was produced.
TRUE
Which region binds to cell and gives signals (signal transduction)?
Fc region
What are the 3 functions of IgG? (APO)
Agglutination
Precipitation
Opsonization
What does ADCC stand for?
Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
T/F: IgG can get to placenta and provide immunity to the fetus.
TRUE
-Conferral of immunity to fetus; can get to placenta
What is the term for clumping of an antigen by an antibody?
Agglutination
T/F: IgG neutralizes only toxins.
FALSE
-Neutralization of toxins AND viruses
Does IgG mobilize or immobilize bacteria?
Immobilization of bacteria
Which is the most abundant/potent immunoglobulin?
IgG
What is the structure of IgM?
Pentamer
How many binding sites does IgM have?
10 binding sites
What is the first immunoglobulin synthesized after immunization?
IgM
What do elevated levels of IgM indicate?
RECENT INFECTION
What is IgM synthesized by?
By placenta
What do elevated levels in a fetus indicate?
CONGENITAL INFECTION
Which immunoglobulin has the best agglutinating and complement-activating antibody relationships?
IgM
-B/C it has 10 binding sites; still not more potent than IgG
Name the major immunoglobulin in secretions.
IgA
T/F: IgA is only diameric.
FALSE
-IgA is monomeric and diameric
Which immunoglobulin has a role in mucosal infections?
IgA
What kind of activity does IgA have?
Bactericidal activity & Antiviral activity
Which immunoglobulin is a major part of colostrum and breast milk?
IgA
Which immunoglobulin causes the differentiation of B cells to a more mature form?
IgD
Which immunoglobulin is present on the surface of B lymphocytes?
IgD
T/F: IgD is present in monomeric form.
TRUE
Which immunoglobulin is a reaginic antibody?
IgE
T/F: IgE does not protect against parasites.
FALSE
-IgE protects against parasites
Which immunoglobulin has an important role in hypersensitivity?
IgE
What happens to immunoglobulin in allergic disease?
Instead of making IgG, they make IgE (in large amounts)
_____response has a shorter lag phase and an extended plateau and decline.
Secondary
An antibody titer is greater in _____ response.
Secondary
Which immunoglobulin is represented in the primary antibody response?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin is represented in the secondary antibody response?
IgG
T/F: There is high antibody affinity in the secondary antibody response.
TRUE
-B/C of the production of IgG
T/F: IgM is a stronger immune response.
FALSE
-IgM is a weaker immune response
What are the 3 lymphoid cells?
T cells
B cells
NK cells
Where do T cells develop?
THYMUS
Where do B cells differentiate?
Fetal liver and adult BONE marrow
T/F: NK cells do not possess T cell or B cell receptors.
TRUE
What is the precursor of B and T cells?
BONE MARROW
What chains is TCR-1 composed of?
Gamma and Delta
What percentage are TCR-1?
5%
What chains make up TCR-2?
Alpha and Beta
What percentage are TCR-2?
95%
What is the name of the TCR complex?
CD3 complex
T/F: Every cell that has TCR always has CD3 on it.
TRUE
What are the two T cell subsets?
CD4+ (Helper T cells)
CD8+ (Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells)
What is another name for CD8+?
Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells
What is another name for CD4+?
Helper T cells
T/F: CD4+ cells control entire immune response.
TRUE
Which two T cell subsets fall under Helper T cells?
CDw29+
CD45R+
Which is the T cell subset that positively influences the immune response of T cells and B cells?
CDw29+
-The helper function
Which is the T cell subset that induces cytotoxic function in CD8+ cells?
CD45R
Which two T cell subsets fall under Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells?
CD28+
CD11b+
Which T cell subset is MHC restricted?
CD28+
Which T cell subset is not MHC restricted or produces IL-2?
CD11b+
What to TH1 cells secrete?
IL-2 IL-3 IFN - gamma TNF- alpha TNF - beta GM-CSF
What is the primary cytokine that defines TH1 cells?
IFN - gamma
What are TH1 helper T cells involved in (2)?
1) Cytotoxicity
2) Hypersensitivity
What do TH2 cells secrete?
IL-2 IL-4 IL-5 IL-6 IL-10 IL-13 TNF - beta IL-9
What are TH2 helper T cells involved in (2)?
1) B cell activation
2) Stimulation of Ig1 and IgE secretion; Isotype switching
Name all of the Helper T cells subsets.
TH1 TH2 TH9 TH17 TH22
