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PHA 430 - Immunopharmacology and Biotechnology > Exam 1 - Cytokines > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Cytokines mediate both innate and acquired immunity.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes is another name for what?

A

MACROPHAGES

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3
Q

T/F: Innate immunity cytokines are generally produced by macrophages.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

When do activated T cells produce MOST cytokines?

A

During the ACQUIRED response

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5
Q

When are cytokines produced?

A

During the effector phase of innate and acquired response

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6
Q

Cytokines mediate and ______ immune and inflammatory responses.

A

Cytokines mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory responses.

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7
Q

T/F: Cytokine secretion is a long and self-limited event.

A

FALSE

-Cytokine secretion is a BRIEF and self-limited event

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8
Q

T/F: Cytokines do not influence the synthesis of other cytokines.

A

FALSE

-Cytokines often influence the synthesis of other cytokines

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9
Q

How do cytokines initiate their action?

A

By binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells

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10
Q

What are cytokines responsible for?

A 
Cell development
Growth
Differentiation
Proliferation 
Cell maturation
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11
Q

What are the 4 functions of cytokines?

A

1) Mediator of natural immunity
2) Regulators of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation
3) Regulators of immune-mediated inflammation
4) Stimulators of immature leukocyte growth and differentiation

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12
Q

Name the 2 types of interferons.

A

1) IFN alpha

2) IFN beta

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13
Q

What is the major source for IFN alpha?

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

What is the major source for IFN beta?

A

Fibroblasts

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15
Q

What is the most potent stimulus for synthesis of interferons?

A

VIRAL INFECTION

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16
Q

Interferons _____ _____ replication.

A

Interferons inhibit viral replication.

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17
Q

Interferons _____ ____ proliferation.

A

Interferons inhibit cell proliferation.

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18
Q

_______ increase the lytic potential of natural killer cells.

A

Interferons increase the lytic potential of natural killer cells.

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19
Q

Interferons modulate the expression of MHC class ___ and ___ molecules.

A

Interferons modulate the expression of MHC class I and II molecules.

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20
Q

With interferons, the binding of the agonist to its receptor results in the activation of what signaling pathway?

A

Janus-activated kinase (JAK)-STAT signaling pathway

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21
Q

What does the activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway result in?

A

The induction of specific genes

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22
Q

T/F: IFN alpha/beta mediate antiviral activity by multiple mechanisms involving its replication.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Brand name for Interferon Alpha-2a?

A

Roeferon-A

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24
Q

What is another name for Roeferon-A?

A

Interferon Alpha-2a

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25
Q

How is Roeferon-A produced?

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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26
Q

What is Interferon Alpha-2a used for?

A 
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Kaposi sarcoma 
Lymphoma
Hairy cell leukemia 
Hepatitis B or C
Cancer of the skin and kidney
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27
Q

What is Roeferon-A used for?

A 
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Kaposi sarcoma
Lymphoma
Hairy cell leukemia
Hepatitis B or C
Cancer of the skin and kidney
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28
Q

T/F: Roeferon-A can only be injected daily.

A

FALSE

-It can be injected every day, but it is commonly administered 3 times a week

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29
Q

How is Interferon Alpha-2a antiviral/anti-tumor activity mediated?

A

Via its inhibition of viral replication and modulation of host immune response as well as antiproliferative activity

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30
Q

What side-effects does Roeferon-A have?

A 
Flu-like symptoms of fever, fatigue, chills
Dry mouth 
GI disorders
Changes in mood 
Temporary effects on the bone marrow

Skin rash
Hair thinning
Loss of appetite
Loss of fertility

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31
Q

Brand name of Interferon Alpha-2b?

A

Intron-A

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32
Q

What is another name for Intron-A?

A

Interferon Alpha-2b

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33
Q

How is Intron-A produced?

A

By recombinant DNA technology

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34
Q

T/F: Interferon Alpha-2b is only administered by injection.

A

TRUE

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35
Q

What is Intron-A used for?

A

Hair cell leukemia
Condylomata Acuminata
Chronic Hepatitis Non A, Non B/C
Chronic Hepatitis B

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36
Q

What are the side effects of Interferon Alpha-2b?

A

Flu-like symptoms of fever, fatigue, and chills
Dry mouth
GI disorders

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37
Q

Interferon beta is what kind of cytokine?

A

Type 1 interferon

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38
Q

What is Interferon beta used to treat?

A

Relapsing form of MS

Genital warts

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39
Q

What is a possible mechanism of Interferon beta?

A

Antagonism of IL-4 and Interferon gamma

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40
Q

Which type 1 interferon cytokine alters the mechanics of blood barriers as it inhibits cell adhesion, cell migration, and metalloproteinase activity?

A

Interferon beta

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41
Q

T/F: Interferon beta only induces IL-10.

A

FALSE

-Interferon beta induces IL-10 and TGF-beta

42
Q

Name the cytokine type that is composed of 157 amino acids and is a principal mediator of the host response to gram-negative bacteria.

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha

43
Q

What is the major cell source of TNF alpha?

A

Macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes)

44
Q

What augments the synthesis of TNF alpha?

A

IFN gamma

45
Q

T/F: TNF alpha is a mediator of both natural and acquired immunity.

A

TRUE

46
Q

T/F: TNF alpha does not mediate apoptosis.

A

FALSE

-TNF alpha mediates apoptosis

47
Q

T/F: TNF alpha plays a major role in inflammation.

A

TRUE

48
Q

T/F: TNF alpha is not a mediator of immunity.

A

FALSE

-It is a mediator of immune response

49
Q

What disease states is TNF alpha implicated in the pathogenesis of?

A 
Sepsis
DM
Cancer
Osteoporosis
MS
RA
Inflammatory bowel disease
Allograft rejection
50
Q

TNF alpha causes vascular endothelial cells to express new ____ ____ ____ (adhesion molecules).

A

TNF alpha causes vascular endothelial cells to express new cell surface receptors (adhesion molecules).

51
Q

TNF alpha acts on ________ to increase their mobilization and their adhesiveness for endothelial cells.

A

TNF alpha acts on neutrophils to increase their mobilization and their adhesiveness for endothelial cells.

52
Q

What does TNF alpha activate to kill microbes?

A

Leukocytes

53
Q

What cytokines does TNF alpha produce?

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNF itself
Chemokines

54
Q

What class of MHC does TNF alpha augment?

A

MHC class I

55
Q

T/F: TNF alpha is an endogenous pyrogen.

A

TRUE

56
Q

TNF alpha activates _____ to synthesize acute phase proteins which are a series of proteins found in blood shortly after an onset of infection.

A

TNF alpha activates hepatocytes to synthesize acute phase proteins which are a series of proteins found in blood shortly after an onset of infection.

57
Q

Name the two distinct types of receptors for TNF.

A

1) TNF alpha-R1

2) TNF alpha-R2

58
Q

Which TNF alpha receptor is capable of apoptosis?

A

TNF alpha-R1

59
Q

What do the TNF alpha receptors activate?

A

NF-Kappa B
JNK
MAPK

60
Q

What form of TNF alpha binds to TNF alpha-R1?

A

Membrane-bound and processed

61
Q

What form of TNF alpha binds to TNF alpha-R2?

A

Membrane-bound only

62
Q

What is the brand name for Etanercept?

A

Enbrel

63
Q

What is another name for Enbrel?

A

Etanercept

64
Q

What does Enbrel bind to?

A

TNF

65
Q

What does Enbrel binding to TNF accomplish?

A

Competitively inhibits the binding of TNF molecules to the TNF receptor sites; Results in reduction of inflammatory activity

66
Q

What is Enbrel used to treat?

A

RA

Juvenile RA

67
Q

T/F: Malignancies are a common side effect of Enbrel.

A

FALSE

-Malignancies are rare

68
Q

T/F: Enbrel is not recommended for pts with serious infections or sepsis.

A

TRUE

69
Q

What is the principal function of IL-1?

A

A mediator of the host inflammatory response in natural immunity

70
Q

What is the major cell source of IL-1?

A

Macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes)

71
Q

What triggers IL-1?

A

Endotoxins, macrophage derived cytokines such as TNF or IL-1 itself, and by contact with CD4+ cells

72
Q

T/F: IL-1 can also be found circulating after a gram negative bacterial sepsis.

A

TRUE

-Like TNF

73
Q

IL-1 produces the ____ ____ response which is a reaction to infection.

A

IL-1 produces the acute phase response which is a reaction to infection.

74
Q

T/F: IL-1 does not induce fever.

A

FALSE

-IL-1 does induce a fever

75
Q

IL-1 suppresses the _____ and induces ____ ____ ____.

A

IL-1 suppresses the appetite and induces slow wave sleep.

76
Q

IL-1 induces _____ proteolysis that can lead to severe _____ ____ in pts with chronic infection.

A

IL-1 induces muscle proteolysis that can lead to severe muscle wasting in pts with chronic infection.

77
Q

What three things does IL-1 play a role in?

A

1) Activation of T helper cells
2) IL-2 secretion
3) Activation of B cells

78
Q

T/F: IL-1 decreases the lytic activity of NK cells.

A

FALSE

-IL-1 increases the lytic activity of natural killer cells where it synergizes with IL-2

79
Q

T/F: An excess of IL-1 production can cause autoimmune disease.

A

TRUE

80
Q

IL-1 plays an important role in ______ ______ because it stimulates fibroblasts of connective tissue.

A

IL-1 plays an important role in wound healing because it stimulates fibroblasts of connective tissue.

81
Q

What does IL-1 do to PGE2?

A

Increase the synthesis of it

-PGE2 then suppresses further production of IL-1

82
Q

Describe the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist

A

IL-1ra = a 17-kDa protein

-Blocks IL-1 activity through competitive binding

83
Q

What is the brand name for Anakinra?

A

Kineret

84
Q

What is another name for Kineret?

A

Anakinra

85
Q

What does Kineret do?

A

Reduces inflammation

Decreases bone and cartilage damage

86
Q

What is Anakinra used for?

A

Attacks active RA

87
Q

T/F: Kineret is not used in combination with TNF alpha antagonists.

A

TRUE

88
Q

What are the side effects of Kineret?

A

Infection
Neutropenia
Flu-like symptoms
Abdominal pain

89
Q

What synthesizes IL-6?

A

Macrophages

Some activated T cells

90
Q

T/F: IL-6 is also contributory to the acute phase response.

A

TRUE

-Causes hepatocytes to synthesize several plasma proteins that contribute to acute phase response

91
Q

IL-6 causes ______ mobilization.

A

IL-6 causes neutrophil mobilization.

92
Q

IL-6 induces ______.

A

IL-6 induces fever.

93
Q

When does IL-6 affect differentiation of B cells?

A

At the terminal maturation step

94
Q

What pathological situations is IL-6 elevated in?

A

Infections with retroviruses such as HIV and HTLV-1
Some autoimmune disease such as RA
Pts with certain types of benign or malignant tumors

95
Q

Which family is IL-18 part of?

A

IL-1 family

96
Q

What is the source of IL-18?

A

Many cells

97
Q

IL-18 augments ____ and ____ cell maturation and cytotoxicity.

A

IL-18 augments T and NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity.

98
Q

T/F: IL-18 promotes the secretion of TNF alpha.

A

TRUE

99
Q

What role does IL-18 play in RA?

A

Important role in maintaining synovial inflammation and inducing joint destruction.

100
Q

IL-18 induces _____ ____ on synovial fibroblasts.

A

IL-18 induces adhesion molecules on synovial fibroblasts.

101
Q

Which types of infection does IL-18 have a critical role in host defense against?

A

Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
Protozoan infections

PHA 430 - Immunopharmacology and Biotechnology (9 decks)

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