Exam 1 - Cytokines Flashcards
T/F: Cytokines mediate both innate and acquired immunity.
TRUE
Mononuclear phagocytes is another name for what?
MACROPHAGES
T/F: Innate immunity cytokines are generally produced by macrophages.
TRUE
When do activated T cells produce MOST cytokines?
During the ACQUIRED response
When are cytokines produced?
During the effector phase of innate and acquired response
Cytokines mediate and ______ immune and inflammatory responses.
Cytokines mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory responses.
T/F: Cytokine secretion is a long and self-limited event.
FALSE
-Cytokine secretion is a BRIEF and self-limited event
T/F: Cytokines do not influence the synthesis of other cytokines.
FALSE
-Cytokines often influence the synthesis of other cytokines
How do cytokines initiate their action?
By binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells
What are cytokines responsible for?
Cell development Growth Differentiation Proliferation Cell maturation
What are the 4 functions of cytokines?
1) Mediator of natural immunity
2) Regulators of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation
3) Regulators of immune-mediated inflammation
4) Stimulators of immature leukocyte growth and differentiation
Name the 2 types of interferons.
1) IFN alpha
2) IFN beta
What is the major source for IFN alpha?
Macrophages
What is the major source for IFN beta?
Fibroblasts
What is the most potent stimulus for synthesis of interferons?
VIRAL INFECTION
Interferons _____ _____ replication.
Interferons inhibit viral replication.
Interferons _____ ____ proliferation.
Interferons inhibit cell proliferation.
_______ increase the lytic potential of natural killer cells.
Interferons increase the lytic potential of natural killer cells.
Interferons modulate the expression of MHC class ___ and ___ molecules.
Interferons modulate the expression of MHC class I and II molecules.
With interferons, the binding of the agonist to its receptor results in the activation of what signaling pathway?
Janus-activated kinase (JAK)-STAT signaling pathway
What does the activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway result in?
The induction of specific genes
T/F: IFN alpha/beta mediate antiviral activity by multiple mechanisms involving its replication.
TRUE
Brand name for Interferon Alpha-2a?
Roeferon-A
What is another name for Roeferon-A?
Interferon Alpha-2a
How is Roeferon-A produced?
Recombinant DNA technology
What is Interferon Alpha-2a used for?
Chronic myeloid leukemia Kaposi sarcoma Lymphoma Hairy cell leukemia Hepatitis B or C Cancer of the skin and kidney
What is Roeferon-A used for?
Chronic myeloid leukemia Kaposi sarcoma Lymphoma Hairy cell leukemia Hepatitis B or C Cancer of the skin and kidney
T/F: Roeferon-A can only be injected daily.
FALSE
-It can be injected every day, but it is commonly administered 3 times a week
How is Interferon Alpha-2a antiviral/anti-tumor activity mediated?
Via its inhibition of viral replication and modulation of host immune response as well as antiproliferative activity
What side-effects does Roeferon-A have?
Flu-like symptoms of fever, fatigue, chills Dry mouth GI disorders Changes in mood Temporary effects on the bone marrow
Skin rash
Hair thinning
Loss of appetite
Loss of fertility
Brand name of Interferon Alpha-2b?
Intron-A
What is another name for Intron-A?
Interferon Alpha-2b
How is Intron-A produced?
By recombinant DNA technology
T/F: Interferon Alpha-2b is only administered by injection.
TRUE
What is Intron-A used for?
Hair cell leukemia
Condylomata Acuminata
Chronic Hepatitis Non A, Non B/C
Chronic Hepatitis B
What are the side effects of Interferon Alpha-2b?
Flu-like symptoms of fever, fatigue, and chills
Dry mouth
GI disorders
Interferon beta is what kind of cytokine?
Type 1 interferon
What is Interferon beta used to treat?
Relapsing form of MS
Genital warts
What is a possible mechanism of Interferon beta?
Antagonism of IL-4 and Interferon gamma
Which type 1 interferon cytokine alters the mechanics of blood barriers as it inhibits cell adhesion, cell migration, and metalloproteinase activity?
Interferon beta
T/F: Interferon beta only induces IL-10.
FALSE
-Interferon beta induces IL-10 and TGF-beta
Name the cytokine type that is composed of 157 amino acids and is a principal mediator of the host response to gram-negative bacteria.
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha
What is the major cell source of TNF alpha?
Macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes)
What augments the synthesis of TNF alpha?
IFN gamma
T/F: TNF alpha is a mediator of both natural and acquired immunity.
TRUE
T/F: TNF alpha does not mediate apoptosis.
FALSE
-TNF alpha mediates apoptosis
T/F: TNF alpha plays a major role in inflammation.
TRUE
T/F: TNF alpha is not a mediator of immunity.
FALSE
-It is a mediator of immune response
What disease states is TNF alpha implicated in the pathogenesis of?
Sepsis DM Cancer Osteoporosis MS RA Inflammatory bowel disease Allograft rejection
TNF alpha causes vascular endothelial cells to express new ____ ____ ____ (adhesion molecules).
TNF alpha causes vascular endothelial cells to express new cell surface receptors (adhesion molecules).
TNF alpha acts on ________ to increase their mobilization and their adhesiveness for endothelial cells.
TNF alpha acts on neutrophils to increase their mobilization and their adhesiveness for endothelial cells.
What does TNF alpha activate to kill microbes?
Leukocytes
What cytokines does TNF alpha produce?
IL-1
IL-6
TNF itself
Chemokines
What class of MHC does TNF alpha augment?
MHC class I
T/F: TNF alpha is an endogenous pyrogen.
TRUE
TNF alpha activates _____ to synthesize acute phase proteins which are a series of proteins found in blood shortly after an onset of infection.
TNF alpha activates hepatocytes to synthesize acute phase proteins which are a series of proteins found in blood shortly after an onset of infection.
Name the two distinct types of receptors for TNF.
1) TNF alpha-R1
2) TNF alpha-R2
Which TNF alpha receptor is capable of apoptosis?
TNF alpha-R1
What do the TNF alpha receptors activate?
NF-Kappa B
JNK
MAPK
What form of TNF alpha binds to TNF alpha-R1?
Membrane-bound and processed
What form of TNF alpha binds to TNF alpha-R2?
Membrane-bound only
What is the brand name for Etanercept?
Enbrel
What is another name for Enbrel?
Etanercept
What does Enbrel bind to?
TNF
What does Enbrel binding to TNF accomplish?
Competitively inhibits the binding of TNF molecules to the TNF receptor sites; Results in reduction of inflammatory activity
What is Enbrel used to treat?
RA
Juvenile RA
T/F: Malignancies are a common side effect of Enbrel.
FALSE
-Malignancies are rare
T/F: Enbrel is not recommended for pts with serious infections or sepsis.
TRUE
What is the principal function of IL-1?
A mediator of the host inflammatory response in natural immunity
What is the major cell source of IL-1?
Macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes)
What triggers IL-1?
Endotoxins, macrophage derived cytokines such as TNF or IL-1 itself, and by contact with CD4+ cells
T/F: IL-1 can also be found circulating after a gram negative bacterial sepsis.
TRUE
-Like TNF
IL-1 produces the ____ ____ response which is a reaction to infection.
IL-1 produces the acute phase response which is a reaction to infection.
T/F: IL-1 does not induce fever.
FALSE
-IL-1 does induce a fever
IL-1 suppresses the _____ and induces ____ ____ ____.
IL-1 suppresses the appetite and induces slow wave sleep.
IL-1 induces _____ proteolysis that can lead to severe _____ ____ in pts with chronic infection.
IL-1 induces muscle proteolysis that can lead to severe muscle wasting in pts with chronic infection.
What three things does IL-1 play a role in?
1) Activation of T helper cells
2) IL-2 secretion
3) Activation of B cells
T/F: IL-1 decreases the lytic activity of NK cells.
FALSE
-IL-1 increases the lytic activity of natural killer cells where it synergizes with IL-2
T/F: An excess of IL-1 production can cause autoimmune disease.
TRUE
IL-1 plays an important role in ______ ______ because it stimulates fibroblasts of connective tissue.
IL-1 plays an important role in wound healing because it stimulates fibroblasts of connective tissue.
What does IL-1 do to PGE2?
Increase the synthesis of it
-PGE2 then suppresses further production of IL-1
Describe the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist
IL-1ra = a 17-kDa protein
-Blocks IL-1 activity through competitive binding
What is the brand name for Anakinra?
Kineret
What is another name for Kineret?
Anakinra
What does Kineret do?
Reduces inflammation
Decreases bone and cartilage damage
What is Anakinra used for?
Attacks active RA
T/F: Kineret is not used in combination with TNF alpha antagonists.
TRUE
What are the side effects of Kineret?
Infection
Neutropenia
Flu-like symptoms
Abdominal pain
What synthesizes IL-6?
Macrophages
Some activated T cells
T/F: IL-6 is also contributory to the acute phase response.
TRUE
-Causes hepatocytes to synthesize several plasma proteins that contribute to acute phase response
IL-6 causes ______ mobilization.
IL-6 causes neutrophil mobilization.
IL-6 induces ______.
IL-6 induces fever.
When does IL-6 affect differentiation of B cells?
At the terminal maturation step
What pathological situations is IL-6 elevated in?
Infections with retroviruses such as HIV and HTLV-1
Some autoimmune disease such as RA
Pts with certain types of benign or malignant tumors
Which family is IL-18 part of?
IL-1 family
What is the source of IL-18?
Many cells
IL-18 augments ____ and ____ cell maturation and cytotoxicity.
IL-18 augments T and NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity.
T/F: IL-18 promotes the secretion of TNF alpha.
TRUE
What role does IL-18 play in RA?
Important role in maintaining synovial inflammation and inducing joint destruction.
IL-18 induces _____ ____ on synovial fibroblasts.
IL-18 induces adhesion molecules on synovial fibroblasts.
Which types of infection does IL-18 have a critical role in host defense against?
Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
Protozoan infections
