Exam 2 ADOLESCENCE*

Question 1

What are peer groups?

Answer 1

-groups of people who are roughly the same age

Question 2

What is one of the most important contexts in which adolescents spend time?

Answer 2

With peer groups
-over half their waking hours spent with peers
-ammount of time spent with peers changes over time
-their mood varies as a function of time spent

Question 3

What is age grading?

Answer 3

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.
-Educators came up with this when public school became a thing - its why we are grouped by age

Question 4

What percent is Canada’s youth population today compared to 10-19 years ago?

Answer 4

11%

Question 5

Why was there a rapid increase in the adolescent population during the 1960/70s (after ww2)?

Answer 5

The baby boooooooom - called it the adolescent boom
-became less in 1975
-then went up when baby boom kids started having kids

Question 6

Is the size of youth population important? Why?

Answer 6

Yep
-bc size has implications on social services, educational programs, and health care
-impact of cohort size in the transition to adulthood

Question 7

How are peer groups vital socializing agents?

Answer 7

bc of similarities in attitudes and behaviours among their friends (they socialize each other)

Question 8

What is modernization (with peers and socialization)?

Answer 8

-Different ways societies are developing impacts how kids are socialized (Mead’s postfigurative, cofigurative, prefigurative cultures)

Question 9

What did Margaret Mead do?

Answer 9

Margaret Mead (1978), the way in which young people are best socialized for adulthood depends on how fast their society is changing. In some cultures, cultural change is so slow that what a child needs to know to function as an adult changes very little over time.
(Mead’s postfigurative, cofigurative, prefigurative cultures)

Question 10

What is Mead’s postfigurative culture?

Answer 10

Cultures in which the socialization of young people is done primarily by adults.

Question 11

What is Mead’s cofigurative culture?

Answer 11

Cultures in which young people are socialized both by adults and by each other.

Question 12

What is Mead’s prefigurative culture?

Answer 12

Cultures in which society is changing so quickly that adults are frequently socialized by young people, rather than the reverse.

Question 13

What are three pros/cons of peers that highlight their importance?

Answer 13

-they can be positive or negative influences
-important source of support
-can promote risky behaviour

Question 14

What is Social Learning Theory?

Answer 14

Adolescents develop cognitive scripts and normative beliefs through observational learning

Question 15

What is the norm of reciprocity?

Answer 15

The belief that we should help others of they’ve helped them in the past
-plays a role in prosocial behaviours

Question 16

Prosocial behaviours can be _____ through positive peer interactions.

Answer 16

scaffolded

Question 17

What is the normal prosiciality:

Answer 17

Being surrounded by prosocial peers who reciprocate prosocial behaviours should increase personal willingness to help others

Question 18

What can facilitate observational learning?

Answer 18

age-homogenous groups
(same age or close in age)

Question 19

What in the classroom can increase adolescent behaviours over time? (This is a study

Answer 19

Classroom levels of prosocial behaviour
-Longitudinal study applied social learning theory
-each classroom is its own community
-found that youth in class communities with peers doing pro-social norms, increased their own pro-social behaviour

Question 20

Talk about the experimental study of prosocial attitudes/behaviours (NOT the classroom one)

Answer 20

-percieved social status matters
-their question was if being around popular youth influence prosocial behaviour
-answer is duh
-measured students response to prosocial situations (like topics around fundraising)
-experimental condition was in a chat room talking about engaging in prosocial behaviours
-then reassessed their prosocial behaviours and they had increased
*for a graph about it see slide 140

Question 21

What changes in the nature of adolescent peer groups vs childhood?

Answer 21

-the structure of peer groups changes
-frequency: ado. spend more time with peers
-ado. have less supervision
-childhood groups are more gender segregated
-childhood has smaller friend groups, ado. the ratio varies

Question 22

What are cliques?

Answer 22

-small groups (2-12 individuals)
-based on friendships, practice social skills
-see each other more regularly

Question 23

What are crowds?

Answer 23

-Larger more vaguely defined groups
-contribute to sense of identity
-may or may not hang out a lot
-more stereotyped - like in teen movies

Question 24

What 4 things are behaviour affected by?

Answer 24

1. high status peers: may imitate their behaviours
2. social norms are established: values, expectations
3. reinforcement of norms
4. integrate crowd membership into identity through reinforcement of norms: gives sense of belonging

Question 25

Explain crowds as reference groups?

Answer 25

-crowds contribute to the definition of norms and standards for such things as clothing, leisure activities, and taste in music -provide a basis for an ados own identity

Question 26

What are cliques typically composed of?

Answer 26

-same age -same ethnicity -same socioeconomic background -same gender

Question 27

What are three factors important for determining clique membership?

Answer 27

1. orientation toward school 2. orientation toward the teen culture (music, movies, clothes) 3. involvement in antisocial activity

Question 28

What are deviant peer groups?

Answer 28

Antisocial, aggressive ado. gravitate toward each other

Question 29

What are gangs?

Answer 29

Antisocial peer groups that are identified by name and common symbols. Compared to other groups: -more isolated from fam, more emotional and behavioural. probs -poorer self-concept, greater psychological distress, impulsivity, psychopathic tendencies, exposure to violence

Question 30

What differentiates between deviant peer groups and gangs

Answer 30

-both aggressive, but different predictors -different developmental pathways -distinction between law breaking vs. low risk risky behaviour

Question 31

Are peer groups involved in the formation and maintenance of aggressive behaviours?

Answer 31

yaaaaaaaa

Question 32

There was a study about homophobia and group maintenance of homophobia

Answer 32

basically homophobic name calling runs in groups -peer groups involved in the formation and maintenance of aggressive behaviours -agro kids are drawn to each other

Question 33

What is the role of parents when it comes to their friends?

Answer 33

Interaction of youth individual traits -> parental involvement -> crowd affiliation -> strengthen traits -Parents can (attempt to) channel kids towards certain peer groups -parents tend to reward youth for traits that lead them there in the first place -sneeky way to get them in better crowds -monitoring who they hang out with, but its a delicate balance (Romeo and Juliet)

Question 34

Group-based interventions for antisocial youth have shown iatrogenic effects (has opposite of intended effect)

Answer 34

-example: program for anti-social kids: put them in one group.... they will probably become anti-social, learn from + reinforce each other -thisends up having the opposite effect than wanted

Question 35

How are peers attracted to one another?

Answer 35

Similarity between friends -ado. who use substances hang with peers who do it -also if they're hanging with peers who use substances, it may influence them to use -peers have very strong influence

Question 36

How stable are friendships over time?

Answer 36

Not as stable in middle school, but then stabilize later - more turbulent

Question 37

What factors contribute to group friendships stability?

Answer 37

-Group and individual differences (same-gender, opposite-gender, boys vs girls friends, psychological adjustment -same gender friendships are more stable than opposite -boys are more stable -less psychological maladjustment = more stability

Question 38

What is a determinant of popularity and rejection?

Answer 38

-individual differences in social skills -pop kids tend to be more socially skilled, but also vulnerable

Question 39

What are two forms of popularity?

Answer 39

Sociometric popularity Perceived popularity

Question 40

What is sociometric popularity?

Answer 40

Objective popularité - how well liked you are (kind, funny, "go with the flow")

Question 41

What is perceived popularity?

Answer 41

-predictors change throughout ado, like have a boyfriend, play cool video games etc -more like mean girls: high status, but not necessarily liked, maybe even feared

Question 42

What type of popular is popular and aggressive and what does it look like?

Answer 42

-instrumental popularity/agression -like mean girl dynamic -using aggression to get what you want - popularity

Question 43

which tends to be more popular: ado who use instrumental aggression, or reactive aggressive youth?

Answer 43

instrumental aggressive

Question 44

Study about bullying as a strategic behaviour

Answer 44

Agressive victims (bully-victims who bully and get bullied) were less socially dominant, had fewer resource control and lower perceived popularity than ringleader bullies -study categorized kids based on what kind of bully they are

Question 45

What are three types of unpopular ado?

Answer 45

1. Agressive -reacting aggressive, fight with peers, bully 2. Withdrawn -shy, anxious, anxiety around family, friendships 3. Aggressive-withdrawn -unpredictable, anxiety around forming friendships

Question 46

What is peer victimization and peer perpetrator?

Answer 46

victimization = the bullied purpritrator = bully

Question 47

What is physical victimization?

Answer 47

-hitting -pushing -verbal abuse

Question 48

What is relational victimization?

Answer 48

-spreading rumours -social exclusion

Question 49

Patterns of victimization coincide with developmental trends in aggression (able to regulate behaviours over course of ado). What are the trends?

Answer 49

There's physical and relational/verbal: -physical increases in beginning, then declines -verbal is "more acceptable" compared to physical -less decline in verbal -physical aggression has higher consequences bc more socially obvious that its bad

Question 50

What is relational aggression?

Answer 50

Acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip

Question 51

What are gender differences in forms of peers aggression?

Answer 51

-Pysical aggression is higher reported in boys -Though more frequent in girls, both enact relational aggression -development of social cognition leads to increase in relational vict. early ado, then goes down -they learn to be aggressive in less detectable ways

Question 52

Go to slide 159 for a study and graph about aggression

Question 53

What is hostile attributional bias?

Answer 53

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile.

Question 54

Theories of peer victimization: causes and consequences

Answer 54

its difficult to determine main contributing cause idk

Question 55

What are the three models of the different hypothesis for why kids are bullied?

Answer 55

-symptoms/deficits driven model -victimization driven model -transactional model

Question 56

What is the symptoms/deficits driven model?

Answer 56

Some sort of defect that makes them easy targets of victimization (cry, anxious, act out, which leads to bullying)

Question 57

What is the victimization driven model?

Answer 57

Youth that are victims of bullying have no deficit, but bullying may lead to mental health probs that then lead to more bullying over time

Question 58

What is the transactional model?

Answer 58

-combo of the last two -preexisting problems and experience of bullying makes it worse -less opportunity to engage with peers

Question 59

Go to slide 162 for visual of symptoms/deficits driven theoretical model

Answer 59

do it

Question 60

Explain the path of hostile attribution bias (HAB). Also, is it a social-cognitive bias?

Answer 60

-it is a social-cognitive deficit - this leads to higher reports of bullying and the idea that everyone is you to get you -Agressive tendances > HAB > Reactive Aggression > Retaliatory response from peers > reinforce views that environment is threatening

Question 61

Explain ambiguous measures

Answer 61

Kid is given an ambiguous photo and they are asked what they think is happening -if they say bullying, it may mean they have a social deficit

Question 62

See slide 165 for peer victimization driven theoretical model

Question 63

Explain ado with a skewed perspective (threats to safety)

Answer 63

-being victimized has negative consequences for youths mental health and psychological development -perpetuates a cycle of victimization (delay developments in competence -gradually see peers as more threatening - feel less safe

Question 64

Go to slide 167 for chart of transactional theoretical model of peer victimazation

Question 65

What is the cycle of peer victimization?

Answer 65

The transaction between both internal and environmental factors -cumulative consequences for development stems from many interactions across multiple domains of development

Question 66

victimization is a ______ problem

Answer 66

social -nested in child, family, peers, and community contexts -experiences shaped by environment (like school climate) -can be better or worse

Question 67

What are the stages of bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory

Answer 67

Micro Meso Exo Macro

Question 68

What are youth with poor peer relationships more likely to do?

Answer 68

-be low achievers in school -drop out of high school -show higher rates of delinquent behaviour -suffer from emotional and mental health problems as adults

Question 69

_______ continuity can be protective

Answer 69

cultural

Question 70

How do cultural resurgence programs be important for indigenous youth?

Answer 70

-enhance resilience and wellness -build social connections for youth -transmit traditional traditional knowledge, skills and values -build intergenerational knowledge relationships and social capital in the community -lol more research needed

Question 71

What is the evolution of the Canadian school system?

Answer 71

-Provincial departments of education in early 1900s -Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 2008 -BC New Curriculum 2020 includes literacy foundations, and core competencies

Question 72

What is the classroom climate? And how does it benefit the class?

Answer 72

How a class functions, expectations, use of class climate -individual differences in achievement linked to teacher characteristics (degree of responsiveness and demandingmness) -students also achieve more in classrooms that promote cooperation, rather than competition

Question 73

There is a _____ correlation between teacher _______ and student _______ (+ talk about it a little)

Answer 73

Strong, expectations, performance -accurately reflects their students abilities -creates self-fulfilling prophecies (expect more, they learn more, expect less, they learn less)

Question 74

______ ______ families are vulnerable to effects of teacher expectations

Answer 74

Low income -expectations based on students ethnicity and SES -percieved resources in schools -ex. several American studies show black and latino students with teachers who don't expect much of them do much worse

Question 75

Explain the importance of student engagement

Answer 75

-students and teachers influence each other -lots of students complain about being bored: this can provide opportunities to genuinely display competencies -helps to assign work that is authentic: real world applications, interesting, fun, relevant

Question 76

Talk about school violence in the US

Answer 76

-school violence reduces perceptions of safety and contributes to psychological distress -zero tolerance policy -disproportionately impacts minority youth (zero tolerance = if there's any violence at all, you're expelled and maybe even arrested + get an official record)

Question 77

What are the most effective policies when it comes to lethal school violence in the US

Answer 77

-limiting accesss to guns -identifying and treating young people with mental health probs -creating school climates here students feel responsible for each other -kids can intervene when they see an issue -encourage reporting

Question 78

What is school connectedness related to?

Answer 78

Associated with positive academic and health-related outcomes

Question 79

Do majority of BC youth feel connected, happy, and safe in their schools?

Answer 79

yep -get along with teachers -felt cared for by teachers -treated fairly by school

Question 80

Victims of bullying are more likely to report _______ perceptions of school climates

Answer 80

poorer -consistently bullied = don't feel part of it -more vulnerable to gender based violences

Question 81

See slide 193-195 for graphs idk

Question 82

Most Canadian youth go to post secondary - what percent?

Answer 82

73% in 2019 (compared to 59% in 2000)

Question 83

Why might post secondary rates be going up? (and mention the but)

Answer 83

-shift from resource-based economy to one oriented towards info and service industries (higher paying higher ed jobs) maybe -big wage gap between earners with degrees and those without is slightly narrowing (may indicate construction and resource based industries making a recovery; also change in supply and demand (jobs more competitive)

Question 84

What are characteristics of good schools

Answer 84

Emphasize intellectual activities -opportunities to fairly display strengths -challenged; critical thinking Employ engaged teachers with enough freedom to teach -trained in teaching ado Well-integrated into the communities they serve -their contributions in schools benefit the community Composed of classrooms and schools with good climate

Question 85

Explain abundance of free time for ado in contemporary society

Answer 85

-variability in how they spend their time, and impact on functioning ex. schoolwork, freetime, risky behaviour

Question 86

Study about free time

Answer 86

Well-rounded adolescents = better adjusted but unclear whether attributed to their busy schedules - cause or consequence?

Question 87

Explain the rise and fall of the student worker

Answer 87

-by 1925, most work by 15 -then education laws came in -compulsory school became a thing -less kids dropped out -second half of 20th cent = work again -bc more part time options -part time, minimal pay needed so kids do it. .

Question 88

What are recent trends of adolescent work?

Answer 88

-current declines in work -highschool commitments, more academic demands, extra curricular -economy: resection created more competition, more ppl need work -tech advances like phones and video games are taking up free time -different countries have different expectations to working

Question 89

What percent of kids worked a job while in school?

Answer 89

A third (33%) of students had worked at a paid job during the school year which was lower than a decade earlier (41%). -older students work more than younger

Question 90

Why is ado employment interesting to researchers?

Answer 90

Lots of opinions about kids working teaching them to be an adult, does it interfere with school activities? substance use exposure? -beliefe that jobs make them responsible, not necessarily true

Question 91

What are the downsides to youth having a job?

Answer 91

-generally spend their money on random shit -premature affluence (having all that money maybe harming their spending habits? -ex. cannabis use? -kids who work and don't go to uni SMOKE weeeed - maybe bc more money to drop -so now schools are trying to teach budget use

Question 92

What is premature affluence?

Answer 92

Premature affluence" refers to the situation where someone, typically a teenager or young adult, has access to a significant amount of disposable income too early in life, often leading to excessive spending habits and a lack of understanding about the value of money due to not having to work hard for it. ^from the internet

Question 93

What is the main issue with working while in school?

Answer 93

How many hours they work, not wether they have a job or not -working 20+ hours a week may negatively impact -intansive part time employment may increase likelihood of dropping out

Question 94

What are some negative outcomes of working while in school?

Answer 94

-hours worked related to risk of injury - 21h + = 28% injured - 13-20h = 17% injured -affects school connectedness -work out of necessity? (refugee, low SES)

Question 95

What are some main points about ado and leisure?

Answer 95

-adolescents spend most of their waking hours in leisure activities (western) -better mood associated with choice of leisure butt...

Question 96

Why is it difficult to study adolescents moods?

Answer 96

-individuals emotions change throughout the day -can do the experience sampling method (see next card for what that is)

Question 97

What is the experience sampling method?

Answer 97

-ask subjects how they're feeling and what theyre doing multiple points throughout the day

Question 98

Parents and adolesents are always fighting. Truth or myth?

Answer 98

myth :) unlike stereotypes, there is very little emotional distancebetween parents and adolescents

Question 99

What are structured leisure activities?

Answer 99

School sponsored, organized activities that provide the context for much of adolescent's extracurricular activities -athletics are most popular -but also music, drama, or academic clubs (science, language, math)

Question 100

What are informal sports?

Answer 100

Sports you may do on your own, outside of school -gym, yoga etc.

Question 101

Does SES affect opportunities for structured leisure activities?

Answer 101

yep - less opportunities -schools underfunded or too small or both -parents can't afford to send their kid around the Provence for comps

Question 102

What percentage of youth participated in at least one extracurricular activity (BC)?

Answer 102

92%

Question 103

true or false. most adolescents feel - close to parents - respect parents judgement - feel loved by parents - respect parents as individuals

Answer 103

true :)

Question 104

Overall, there has been a slight ________ in organized and informal sports between 2003 and 2018 (and when did it plateau?)

Answer 104

decline -plateauing in 2023

Question 105

What percent of BC youth meet the physical activity guidelines, and what are they?

Answer 105

17%, 1 hour of moderate to vigorous activity a day

Question 106

What are some of the barriers that could stop a kid from participating in sports?

Answer 106

-lack of transportation (12%) -affordability (9%) -concerns about bullying (12%) -too busy (highest - 40%) -injured (22%) -too anxious /depressed (17%) -thought it was too competitive (17%) -didnt feel welcome -activity not available in their community -parent wouldn't allow them -worried about catching something (like covid) -worried about adult bullying them -health needs/disability not accommodated

Question 107

Students in ________ grades were less likely to participate weekly in organized sports and more likely to exercise at a gym/rec centre. Why?

Answer 107

higher -bc older youth rely less on structured activity and become more independent

Question 108

What percent of youth reported that they experienced barriers to engaging in extracurricular physical activity?

Answer 108

64%, or just under two thirds

Question 109

What is structured leisure time associated with? Why?

Answer 109

-better academic performance, less delinquency and risk taking -enhances psychological wellbeing and social status -enduring effects into young adulthood -may be due to strengthened relationships with school members (good relationships with teachers who may organize activity, and promote engagement in school, also exposes you to peers who are involved in school activities)

Question 110

Why may extracurricular activities be a source of considerable stress for some kids?

Answer 110

-body image issues -maybe even fat shaming from coach -lots of pressure for high performance -takes away from other social and school activities

Question 111

Youth who work lots of hours experience a ________ in school performance, however extracurricular activities ______ school performance

Answer 111

decrease, increase

Question 112

Are there differential effects of structured vs unstructured leisure time? What does it depend on?

Answer 112

yepp -depends of family and neighbourhood characteristics -high density of violence = high risk -youth usually engage in risky behaviour when parents are away

Question 113

What is routine activity theory?

Answer 113

It is used to explain variability in risky behaviours associated with unstructured leisure activities From text: -The combination of a lack of structure, socializing with peers, and the absence of adult supervision encourages delinquency and other problem behaviours. -According to routine activity theory, “the less structured an activity, the more likely a person is to encounter opportunities for problem behaviour in the simple sense that he or she is not occupied doing something else”

Question 114

What does promoting positive youth development call for?

Answer 114

Better and more readily available after-school programming for adolescence -there are some well designed programs based on research on positive youth development, like the 5 Cs (see next slide)

Question 115

What are the 5 C's of positive youth development?

Answer 115

1. Competence 2. Confidence 3. Connection 4. Character 5. Caring/compassion -programs that promote these can promote positive outcomes

Question 116

What do the 5 C's provide opportunity for?

Answer 116

Demanding roles, meet high expectations, take responsibility for behaviours > contributing members of the group

Question 117

What is new media?

Answer 117

Digital media typically accessed via computers, smartphones, or other Internet-based devices.

Question 118

Media is shifting away from magazines and movies, to ___ ___ _____

Answer 118

New digital media

Question 119

What does it mean that we live in a media saturated society?

Answer 119

-88% of Canadians rely on a smartphone for personal use -we have access to it everywhere at all times

Question 120

What percentage of youth in BC own a smartphone/tablet?

Answer 120

97%

Question 121

What did youth use their smartphone/tablet for on their last school day?

Answer 121

-scrolling social media (74%) -connecting w fam and friends (65%) -gaming other than esports (26%) -playing/watching esports (18%) -watching PORN???? (5%) -sexting (2%) -gambling (2%) -none of these (11%)

Question 122

Go look at graph about BC youth phone use on slide 226

Answer 122

Basically 17 year olds are most likely to be on social media and listening to music at school (93% and 92%), 15 year olds are most likely to watch shows, movies, Youtube etc. (80%), and 13 year olds are most likely to be playing games (62%)

Question 123

What may the variability in research mental health and media use be due to?

Answer 123

-mey depend on how much time spent -type of media matters, who you're using it with etc -time spent is quite consistent in research, but not 100%

Question 124

What about cognitive development and media use?

Answer 124

-few studies have looked at this, but remember the multitasking/attention study -effects of pandemic? Lots of learning online, and lots of education tools came out

Question 125

Have some activities been displaced by internet use?

Answer 125

yes -les physical activity -altered and impaired sleep habits -lowered attention span

Question 126

Are there some aspects of media that may be useful?

Answer 126

Yep, help with education tools -kids can also go get info themselves easily -collecting positive info can have a positive effect -inline community for LGBTQ+ -info in safe sex

Question 127

Tell me about the big study by Riehm et.al. about associations between time spent using social media and internalizing/externalizing problems

Answer 127

-kids who were on social media more than 3h a day are at a heightened risk for mental health issues that are internalized and externalized

Question 128

is the stereotype that youth will create alot of conflict in their teenage years healthy for parents?

Answer 128

no ma'am self-fulfilling prophecy can create more conflict.

Question 129

Percieved conflict in parent - child relationships is most common in what domain?

Answer 129

personal taste (style, dressing, music taste, ect) personal preferences account for a lot of the differences and arguments

Question 130

do parents and children usually have similar beliefs about core values (e.g., religion, work education)?

Answer 130

yes ma'am

Question 131

What are some examples of things that parents and children fight about?

Answer 131

- curfew - leisure time - activities - questioning boundaries of independence - gender differences in responsibilities and treatment values - .

Question 132

Disagreements with parents - children usually stem from different perspectives on issues and violations of expectations.. what is an example?

Answer 132

parent jurisdiction vs. personal choice e.g., cleaning room - adolescents may see room as a reflection of personal choice - outside of the jurisdiction of what parents can control

Question 133

Do adolescents rebel against their parents just for the sake of rebelling?

Answer 133

rarely - there's typically a logical reason for why these rebellions occur

Question 134

what is parent psychological control?

Answer 134

manipulation of adolescents' thoughts and feelings and restriction of their autonomy and independence through love withdrawal, ignoring, shaming or guilt induction - basically psychological warfare - misuse of dominance and power - make their love conditional in order to reach some sort of behaviour from youth

Question 135

does parent psychological control cause children to rebel?

Answer 135

yes can contribute to oppositional defiant issues

Question 136

What are some of the cascading effects (spill over effects) of psychological control on other areas of functioning Leadbeater et al. (same with all parent psychological control cards)

Answer 136

- interpersonal relations - relational victimization -- more peer bullying - aggression among peers and romantic partners -- (tend to report same behaviours in romantic relationships of emotional and physical violence).

Question 137

Define parental monitoring

Answer 137

parents' efforts at tracking their children's activities and whereabouts, including setting rules about where children go and with whom.

Question 138

what are the benefits of parental monitoring?

Answer 138

- it is protective - limits affiliation with deviant peers (especially among high-risk youth) - buffers against youth engaging in deviant behaviour.

Question 139

what is parent knowledge?

Answer 139

parent's awareness of their children's activities. - goes with parental monitoring

Question 140

parental monitoring is most effective when it is balanced with qualities such as:

Answer 140

- warmth - trust (adolescent trust) - autonomy (where youth are more willing to share)

Question 141

What did Mann et al., 2015 find was the relationship between sensation seeking, delinquency, deviant peers, and parental monitoring?

Answer 141

- the pathway between personality risk (sensation seeking), peer groups and delinquency is heightened in unrestrictive social environments (low parental monitoring) - parent monitoring buffers against engaging in deviant behaviours. - sensation seeking / deviant peers / delinquency all operate under different levels of parent monitoring (like it still happens just more or less). - youth who have sensation seeking are more likely to report more deviant behaviours

Question 142

How do parents buffer the negative effects of peer deviance? (Mann et al., 2015)

Answer 142

restricting socialization, thereby reducing engagement in delinquent behaviours

Question 143

what 2 things predict the highest levels of sensation-seeking and adolescent delinquency? Mann et al.,

Answer 143

high peer deviance + low parental monitoring --> high parental monitoring is a buffer (see slide 10 if you want visual of graphs)

Question 144

is adolescence a period of change and reorganization in family relationships?

Answer 144

yes!

Question 145

describe family systems theory

Answer 145

relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members or the family's circumstances are changing because it is during these times that the family's equilibrium often is upset have to adapt to the changing needs of family members e.g., in adolescents, if there are challenges that emerge, families have to adapt to the challenges. family unit has to adapt to the changes of the youth. family unit changes together = family systems theory

Question 146

what are 3 midlife crisis themes that are common among parents?

Answer 146

1. increased concern about appearance 2. perceptions of limited possibilities 3. occupational plateau.

Question 147

how can a parent's midlife crisis affect adolescents?

Answer 147

- compromise mental health of parent - influences parenting practices and can create an inability to cope with changes in adolescents' life

Question 148

what is something that impacts parents ability to cope with changes during adolescents?

Answer 148

parents mental health and functioning

Question 149

what stage of development do parents find it the most difficult to relate to their child?

Answer 149

adolescents

Question 150

what is a type of therapy that addresses how parent's personal problems influence the way they are parenting their child?

Answer 150

family therapy

Question 151

what are some parent factors that equip them to handle the changes of adolescents?

Answer 151

- satisfaction with marriage - recreational activities - satisfied with work

Question 152

What is one of the biggest stressors in raising a child?

Answer 152

financial. aritzia and post secondary lol

Question 153

What are some factors that change family needs and functions?

Answer 153

- changes in economic circumstances (taking care of their parents, and children (sandwich generation), and post-secondary - changes in family's relationship to other social institutions (peers become more important) - changes in family functions (e.g., the families role during adolescence is less clear than infancy or childhood)

Question 154

define familism

Answer 154

an orientation towards life in which the needs of the family take precedence over the individual e.g., immigrant families place a high value on familism

Question 155

what is generational dissonace?

Answer 155

dissonance between family expectations and youth expectations. parents need to preserve culture and family values -- may place stressors on youth for dating and peer groups. huge source of conflict among immigrant families

Question 156

stress and conflict in immigrant families depends on the extent of _____________

Answer 156

generational dissonace e.g., YOU MUST DATE A CHINESE GIRL

Question 157

How do changes in the balance of power transform family relationships?

Answer 157

shifts from an asymmetrical relationship toward a desire for more equal relationship with parents

Question 158

how does puberty play a role in the transformation in family relationships?

Answer 158

- biological / cognitive maturation throws the family system out of balance - (early adolescence = more disruption) - puberty has an effect on levels of perceived closeness and physical affection. (may be a temporary dip, but rebounds later in adolescents).

Question 159

how does conflict stemming from violations in expectations contribute to transformation of family relationships?

Answer 159

freedom vs. more control child may enter adolescents thinking that parent might give them more freedom parents might see it as a time to tighten the reins more than usual.

Question 160

What did a longitudinal study by Tsai et al (2013) find regarding perceptions of family relationships from adolescents to young adulthood?

Answer 160

there is a gradual decline in the level of closeness (how close you feel to your parents) in adolescents, but then after highschool identification with family grows stronger as adolescents mature into young adults, their identification with their family grows stronger

Question 161

What did Moreira & Telzer (2015) find that family cohesion buffers against? was it most impactful for girls or boys?

Answer 161

- buffers against maladjustment during challenging transitions e.g., depression during college - most impactful for girls.. - if girls felt that they had negative family cohesion, their depressive symptoms are higher. better family relationships linked to less depressive symptoms - for boys really no difference. aliens.

Question 162

Is there gender differences between degree of closeness, types of rules and patterns of activities for boys and girls?

Answer 162

not really - minimal differences

Question 163

gender of the ________ may be a more important influence than the gender of the ___________.

Answer 163

parent, youth youth might relate differently to mothers and fathers. gender of the parent who the adolescent interacts with is influential? gender socialization occurs with mothers / fathers?

Question 164

What did Bower-Brown (2022) find regarding gendered assumptions about parenting and the experiences of trans and non binary parents?

Answer 164

- parenting is influenced by intergenerational socializations of gender roles (gendered assumptions about what moms and dads do) - trans / non binary parents navigate decision making about parental naming and identities (diverse parenting identities / don't follow restricted norms / shows that parenting is the result of gendered norms)

Question 165

parenting roles are the results of gendered socialization of mother / father... what are some examples of this? also Bower-brown (2022)

Answer 165

- youth tend to be closer to, spend more time alone with, feel more comfortable talking to, and fight more with their mothers. - fathers rely on mothers for information about child - fathers are perceived as distant authority figures

Question 166

_________ (mothers or fathers) may be sought for objective information (like homework help) but rarely sought for support or guidance (relationship problems)

Answer 166

fathers

Question 167

time spent with ___________ (mothers or fathers) is more predictive of adolescents social competence and feelings of self worth

Answer 167

fathers.

Question 168

are parent child influences one dirrectional, or bi-dirrectional?

Answer 168

its a two way street the phone works both ways kid. parents affect their child behaviour, but adolescent affects how their parent behaves. if parent responds in punitive harsh ways, adolescents will respond in rebellious ways, so parent makes more restrictions (vicious cycle)

Question 169

How are adolescents who differ in temparment affected in different ways by the same style of parenting?

Answer 169

hostile parenting = more antisocial behaviour (for kids who are temparmentally more impulsive) same parenting style can lead to anxiety and depression for kids who are more introverted.

Question 169

what are three effective ways to parent?

Answer 169

- balance between restrictivness and autonomy - engage in verbal give and take - warm parent child relationship

Question 170

Diana Baumrind suggested two critical aspects (dimensions) of parenting.. what are?

Answer 170

1) parental responsiveness 2) parental demandingness

Question 170

what ethnic group is authoritative parenting most prevalent?

Answer 170

white (less in black, asian, and latinx) ethnic minority parents are often more demanding than white parents. "Tiger mother" = may foster academic achievement but may also increase aldolescents anxiety and distress

Question 171

what is parental responsiveness?

Answer 171

the degree to which parents respond to their child needs in an accepting, supportive manner

Question 172

what is parental demandingness

Answer 172

the degree to which parent expects/ demands mature, responsible behaviour from the child

Question 173

What are the four types of parenting styles?

Answer 173

-Authoritative - Authoritarian - Indulgent - Indifferent

Question 174

describe the authoritative parenting style

Answer 174

- high responsiveness - high demandingess - gold standard parenting style - Warm, affectionate parenting - firm and fair boundaries

Question 175

Describe the authoritarian parenting style

Answer 175

- low responsiveness - high demandingness - high value on obedience and conformity - my way or the high way - rules and expectations are placed without consideration of the child's opinions or needs - punitive, restrictive, controlling - underlying belief that the child has to accept without question the rules and standards set by the parent.

Question 176

describe the indulgent parenting style

Answer 176

- high responsiveness - low demandingness - behave in accepting, benign and somehwat more passive way - do what you wanna do - no punishment - don't worry about the rules - places few demands on child behaviour - concerned with raising a happy child.

Question 177

describe the indifferent parenting style

Answer 177

- low responsiveness - low demandingness - minimize the time and energy - no structure around what children should do and should not do - parents are disengaged

Question 178

name the parenting style: - adult centered, autocratic, rigid - strict rules and expectations - unilateral decision making - little warmth or communication - expects obedience, distrusting - punitive punishment - discourages open communication

Answer 178

authoritarian

Question 179

name the parenting style: - child centered, democratic, flexible - established firm behavioural guidelines - engage adolescents in decision making - warm, accepting, involved, trusting - monitoring - supports assertivness, responsiveness, and self regulation - encourages psychological autonomy

Answer 179

Authoritative

Question 180

name the parenting style: - adult-centered, passive, dismissing -pose few demands on adolescent - poor or little communication - do not monitor or supervise behavior - detached, distant, withdrawn, absent

Answer 180

Indifferent

Question 181

name the parenting style - child centered, indulgent, appeasing - no guidelines, nondirective - avoid confrontation, rare,y discipline adolescent - warm, accepting, nurturing - overinvolved, blurred roles - few rules or expectations

Answer 181

indulgent

Question 182

How does authoritative parenting affect kids? (how do they turn out)

Answer 182

- responsible - self-assured - creative - intellectually curious - socially skilled - academically successful

Question 183

How do kids turn out with authoritarian parenting styles?

Answer 183

- more dependant - more passive - less socially adept - less self assured - less intellectually curious

Question 184

What do kids turn out like from indulgent parenting households?

Answer 184

- less mature - less responsible - more conforming to their peers

Question 185

what do kids turn out like from indifferent parenting style households?

Answer 185

- impulsive and morel ikely to be involved in delinquent behaviour

Question 186

Adults have always been worried about corruption of kids via video games. Is this proven?

Answer 186

not really, hard to determine cause/effect

Question 187

What are three theories of impact through different mechanisms (talking about media)

Answer 187

1.Cultivation theory 2.Uses and gratification theory 3.Reciprocal (media practice model)

Question 188

What is Cultivation Theory?

Answer 188

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the impact media exposure has on individuals. -adolescents’ knowledge about the world, attitudes and values, and behavior are influenced by the content to which they are exposed.

Question 189

What is Uses and gratification theory?

Answer 189

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the active role users play in selecting the media to which they are exposed

Question 190

What is Reciprocal (media practice model)?

Answer 190

Combo of last 2 theories -A perspective on media use that emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact. -ex. you like country, so you like Taylor Swift - she shifts to pop, and you follow

Question 191

What do these theories show?

Answer 191

-That it is hard to determine causation

Question 192

What are three types of causation?

Answer 192

Hypothesized Reverse Spurious

Question 193

What is Reverse causation?

Answer 193

Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due not to the first thing causing the second but to the second causing the first

Question 194

What is spurious causation?

Answer 194

Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with some third factor. -like chicken and egg - which comes first?

Question 195

What is hypothesized causation?

Answer 195

Its just causation: The correlation between two things attributable to the effect one thing has on the other.

Question 196

Theories of media influence and use:

Answer 196

These mechanisms increase likelihood of impact but differ with respect to causation, correlation, reverse, and spurious causation

Question 197

Talk about adolescents exposure to controversial media content: sex

Answer 197

-shows popular among youth contain sexual content -common sexual messages concern men seeing women as sex objects which youth can be susceptible to -relative absence of messages concerning the possible physical consequences of sex (pregnancy, sti)

Question 198

What do we have more consistent supporting evidence for: exposure to sexual media affecting kids sexual development/actions, or their attitudes, beliefs, and intentions?

Answer 198

attitudes beliefs and intentions (ways ppl should be treated, how you should look) ex. appearance-focused social media and body image study -has negative effect, especially for risky for high risk youth/those who are vulnerable (poor self esteem, maybe already have an eating disorder, or already have poor self image and social media can make it worse)

Question 199

what might be labeled as authoritrian in Assian families might be better understood as protective or _______

Answer 199

strict affectionate does not have same negative consequences as authoritarian

Question 200

T/F Authoritative = benefitical effects are found for all ethnic groups

Answer 200

true

Question 201

why can conceptualizing parenting in typological ways exclude parents who are not at the more extreme ends of the prescribed dimensions be unrepresentative? Zhang et al (2017)

Answer 201

it doesnt account for the differential impacts of 'authoritarian' parenting styles across cultures

Question 202

What did Zhang et al (2017) find in their study looking at parenting styles in Chinese culture?

Answer 202

there may be a different parenting profile that is a subtype of the both authoritative and authoritarian style in more collectivistic cultures... (e.g., dimensional profile of *training*. or *tiger* parenting styles)

Question 203

what is one potential reason that authoritarian parenting style might not be as harmful in immigrant families

Answer 203

ethnic minoritiy families are more likely to live in dangerous communities. so authoritarian parenting, with its emphasis on control might not be as harmful as it is in 'safe communities' and even offer some benefits.

Question 204

What did Zhang et al (2017) find in his study regarding outcomes of authoritative and 'high-level undifferentiated' parenting styles across different parenting profiles

Answer 204

authoritative and high level undifferentiated had similar outcomes on parenting profiles of: - warmth - reasoning - independence - achievement. (authoritative higher in W, R, I, A) they differed in: - supervision -harshness (authoritative less harsh / supervision) slide 9. I'm guessing that high level undifferentiated means like high monitoring maybe?

Question 205

adolescents who are permitted to assert their own opinions within a family context that is secure and loving develop: . . . ?

Answer 205

- higher self esteem - more mature coping abilities.

Question 206

What are adolescents who get their autonomy sqashed at risk for?

Answer 206

- developing feelings of depression and lower self esteem

Question 207

Adolescents who do not feel connected to their families are more likely than their peers to develop ______________

Answer 207

behavioural problems

Question 208

does sibling conflict increase or decrease as children mature from childhood to early adolescents?

Answer 208

increases

Question 209

over the course of adolescents, sibling relationships become (3x)

Answer 209

- more equal but more distant - less emotionally intense - improves into adulthood

Question 210

quality of the sibling relationship may be affected by the quality of ______________

Answer 210

parent-child relationship.

Question 211

does the quality of adolescent-sibling relationship affect adolescent relationship with peers

Answer 211

yes

Question 212

adolescents rate their sibling relationships similarly to those with their _________ in *companionship and importance* but more like _____________ with respect to *power, assistance, and satisfaction with relationship*

Answer 212

parents, friendships

Question 213

emotionally charged sibling relationships are marked by conflict and rivalry, but also nurturance and support

Answer 213

true

Question 214

what are two common sources of sibling conflict?

Answer 214

- invasion of the personal ( wearing their fave sweater without asking) - and disagreements over equity and fairness (their fair share of the chores)

Question 215

there are two patterns of intimacy growth for adolescents. in _________ dyads (pairs), intimacy increases between preadolescents and middle adolescents and then declines somewhat. in __________ dyads (pairs) pattern is the opposite. intimacy drops between preadolescent and midadolescent and then increases.

Answer 215

same sex mixed-sex (brothers and sisters grow closer than same sex dyads)

Question 216

what are some ways that siblings may have different family experiences?

Answer 216

- treated differently by parents - percieve similar experiences in different ways

Question 217

does unequal treatment create conlfict among siblings?

Answer 217

yes, but most treatment is not differential

Question 218

adolescents who experience _________ rejection are more aggressive with their siblings

Answer 218

maternal rejection

Question 219

harmony and cohesiveness in parent-adolescent relationship are associated with less

Answer 219

sibling conflict and a more positive sibling relationship

Question 220

children and adolescents learn about social relationships form their sibling interactions. they then bring this knowledge and experience into their _______ and __________

Answer 220

friendships and romantic relationships

Question 221

positive sibling relationships contribute to:

Answer 221

- academic competence - romantic competence - familism - sociabilitiy - health - self worth

Question 222

T/F girls with adolescent older sisters are more likely to engage in early sexual activity and to become pregnant during adolescents

Answer 222

true

Question 223

can siblings influence eachother's drug use, antisocial behaviour, risk taking, feelings of anxiety and thoughts of suicide?

Answer 223

yesss

Question 224

Can differential treatment be a good thing if all siblings are treated well?

Answer 224

yes leads to siblings getting along better and less rivalry

Question 225

what is sibling deidentification?

Answer 225

trying to distinguish the self from sibling can also diminish feelings of competition

Question 226

What are two types of environmental influences shared by siblings?

Answer 226

- shared environmental influence (factors in the environment that siblings have in common [school, house, parents] - nonshared environmental influences (what makes siblings different [age, gender, popularity])

Question 227

emotional and behavioura problems are influenced by genetic factors.. but whether or not problems actualize often depends on the _____________

Answer 227

enviornemtn

Question 228

____________ asks to what extent a given trait is genetically vs. environmentally determined

Answer 228

behavioura genetics

Question 229

behavioural genetics studies the interaction between ________ and ________

Answer 229

genes and environment

Question 230

how can siblings be differentially susceptible to the environment?

Answer 230

the diathesis stress model (genetic vulnerability to problems) - does not guarantee manifestation of symptoms - must be triggered by environment

Question 231

What is differential susceptability theory?

Answer 231

the samegenetic factors that make someone more susceptible to stress and other toxic environmental influences also make them more easily influenced by positive contexts. suggests that individuals vary in their sensitivity to environmental influences, meaning some people are more strongly affected by both positive and negative experiences in their environment, compared to others; essentially, some people are more "plastic" and can be significantly shaped by their surroundings, whether good or bad, while others are less susceptible to environmental changes.

Question 232

there was a dramatic increase in divorce rates between what years -- since then it died off

Answer 232

1960 -1980 lol womens rights

Question 233

We know that social media has a negative effect on body image, but were still unsure about a third mechanism underneath it all...

Answer 233

Could be: -photoshop, good lighting - unrealistic body expectations -social comparisons - different SES to celebs -depends also who you follow; are they similar to you? Post about positive things? -lack of diverse representation (body type, race, ability/disability)

Question 234

Go look at slides 232-237 there's some charts about shit

Answer 234

pls

Question 235

What could be a third factor beneath social media and body image that was studied but not proven?

Answer 235

appearance related feedback (comments on posts, likes etc) - studied but not proven?

Question 236

what year did the divorce act reform ahppen?

Answer 236

1986

Question 237

is there a lowered tendency to divorce among younger married adults compared to previous generations in Canada?

Answer 237

yes? dont understand theres a graph though, and it also shows that divorce rates are plummeting (2020), probably becasue people just arent getting married

Question 238

has there been an increase in the number of single parent families with children?

Answer 238

yes, but has plateaud in the last decade used to be more mothers, but now fathers are catching up

Question 239

2016 canada census reported that _____ in 10 children were living in a lone parent family, in a step family, or in a family without their parents but with grandparents, with other relatives or as foster children

Answer 239

3 in 10 (30%)

Question 240

How could family be a third factor related to social media and body image?

Answer 240

-could be generational effect from moms body dissatisfaction to daughters -maternal socialization of appearance standards -family focus: physical activity focused could bring negative attention to body -generational focus on body image can perpetuate *warmth + quality of parents to youth can be negative or protective measure *parent monitoring social media use could be a helpful buffer

Question 241

about 20% of kids in 2016 and 2021 live in a one parent family about 10% of kids in both 2016 and 2021 live in a two-parent (stepfamily) about 70% of kids live in a two-parent family (non-stepfamily)

Answer 241

idk a graph

Question 242

What did a study that studied quality of maternal relationships and body dissatisfaction find?

Answer 242

low positive relationships = strongest body dissatisfaction + social media use high positive relationships = protective effect against body dissatisfaction and social media use

Question 243

the direct effect of divorce is small -- may be more due to *indirect* effect on: (3X) i think that this is just talking about the ways that divorce can impact families?

Answer 243

- Quality of relationships with the important adults in a youth's life matters most, not the number of parents present in the house - Exposure to marital conflict and disorganized parenting linked to adverse outcomes (whether they split up or not) - *Adaptation* to divorce linked to adjustment ------ individual differences (early adolescence, temperament, emotional support)

Question 244

What have studies found about kids who spend a lot of time playing video games?

Answer 244

They get into more fights and arguments with their peers BUT: -difficult to determine causation -maybe violent kids are more likely to play video games? -less causal effects on aggression, but may be more impactful at earlier points in development

Question 245

what did Van Dijk et all (2020) find in a study about interparental conflict.

Answer 245

marital conflict is linked to emotional and behavioural problems (worse if kids are drawn into the conflict) The impact on adjustment is a function of interparental conflict? -- e.g., parenting behaviours mediate the link between interparental conflict and child adjustment ( good parenting mediates a kid being exposed to conflict, which would affect their adjustment)

Question 246

What impact may substance use present in shows, movies, and music videos have on kids?

Answer 246

-models risky behaviour or habits like smoking ex. studies show that kids may be more likely to smoke if their fav actor smokes -ads promoting alcohol and tobacco use, as well as antismoking ads, may change teens atitudes *again, not so sure about change in behaviour though -butt attitudes can influence behaviour so who knows

Question 247

Van Dijk et al., found that interparental conflict, and a family environment that is *supportive, structured, and has relationship quality* has an indirect impact on what outcome for children?

Answer 247

internalizing problems I think lol theres a flow chart slide 23

Question 248

What is an internet addiction?

Answer 248

A disorder in which an individual's use of the internet is pathological (this is just the definition of addiction in general

Question 249

Van Dijk et al., 2020 found that interparental confict, that has a family environment of *intrustive parenting, parent-child conflict, and parent role diffusion* has a direct impact on what outcome for children?

Answer 249

externalizing problems

Question 250

What six symptoms is addiction (specifically internet) defined by? Smart mice tooot when confronted regulairly

Answer 250

1. Salience: perception internet is most important 2. Mood change: tend to have fluctuating mood - if on internet mood high, low when not 3. Tolerance: need more + more to feel satisfied 4. Withdrawal: experience negative feelings when away or not allowed 5. Conflict: use creates conflict in relationships (parents, friends) 6. Relapse and reinstatement: return to using after getting it under control

Question 251

Why do adolescents who grow up in stepfamillies often have more problems than their peers?

Answer 251

due to the number of shifting family structures (there is more adjustment needed)

Question 252

do the short term effects of remarriage vary across children?

Answer 252

yesss.. girls have more difficulty than boys; older more difficulty than children

Question 253

what is the best predictor of outcomes for children adjusting to remarriage?

Answer 253

- the nature of the relationship between children and their noncustodial parent (the parent who does not have primary physical custody of their child)

Question 254

is it easy to generalize about the effects of divorce, singe parenthood and remarriage?

Answer 254

nope.. there are not very many direct effects, but lots of indirect effects

Question 255

has the percentage of poverty increased or declined in Canada?

Answer 255

declined (yay) 8% in 2020, 15% in 2015 the greatest decline seen in children. may be attributed to policies? (CCB and pandemic relief)?

Question 256

Problematic reliance on social media and internet linked with ______ and ______ symptoms (dependance and addiction)

Answer 256

depression, anxious more social media = more anxiety and depression

Question 257

one parent families with young children are almost _____ times more likely to experience poverty than couples with children of the same age

Answer 257

5 times. poverty rate for one-parent families headed by a woman with a child was 31%

Question 258

Being the victim of cyberbullying may do what?

Answer 258

May worsen effects of internet dependancy on mental health -may have a negative affect on self concept

Question 259

Adolescents living in conditions of poverty have a greater risk of whhat

Answer 259

psychological difficulties and behavioural problems

Question 260

can financial strain compromise supportive practices

Answer 260

yes

Question 261

Among those aged 12-17, rates of cyber bullying increase with age, rising from ___% at age 12 to ___% by age 17 (go look at slide 242)

Answer 261

20%, 27%

Question 262

economic stress and poverty can lead to exposure to adversities (like violence), this contributes to __________

Answer 262

maladjustment

Question 263

Economic strain affects adolescent adustment via several pathways there's a flow chart. p. 26

Answer 263

family income + unstable work + debts to assess + income loss all create --> Family economic pressure which creates --> Father's depressed mood, and Mother's depressed mood which leads to --> Marital conflict which can lead to --> poor parenting which leads to --> adolescent difficulties

Question 264

Go look at slide 243 What effect may internet dependancy have on the effects of cyberbullying

Answer 264

More dependancy on the internet may result in higher levels of anxiety and depression when cyberbullies -maybe someone less attached to the internet wouldn't be as affected by cyber bullying -I wrote this but idk what it means: being bullied online = attack on yourself lol

Question 265

How do adolescents ajust to adoption?

Answer 265

mixed findings - adopted individuals show relatively higher rates of delinquency, substance use, psychological difficulties, and poorer school performances.. but the magnitudes of differences are very small when SES controlled? --> like if they are raised rich then not as many problems?

Question 266

lolol is there any evidence that children or adolescents with queer parents are psychologically different than those with straight parents?

Answer 266

YA (psyyyycccccchhhhh)

Question 267

what are some reasons that adolescents who have spent extensive time in forster care at increased risk for emotional and behavioural problems?

Answer 267

- abuse or neglect that necessitated their placement in foster care - instability of home environment

Question 268

What percent of BC youth reported sexting on their most recent school day?

Answer 268

5%

Question 269

are adolescens who feel that their arents or guardients are "there" for them (caring, involved, accepting), healthier, happier, and more competent than their peers?

Answer 269

lol ya

Question 270

fun faaaact: despite frowing importance of peers, adolescents still need love and support from adults who care about them

Answer 270

crazy

Question 271

What percent of BC youth report watching porn on their device on their most recent school day?

Answer 271

12% -these kids are more likely to engage in sexting (21% vs 3%) -older kids tend to sext + porn more

Question 273

General eduacation is needed regarding safety but less research/evaluation of programs (not enough research)

Answer 273

idk just something she said

Question 274

It is important to keep in mind that what takes place in the classroom is influenced by the way in which the school is organized, and that the way in which the school is organized is influenced by the needs and demands of the community.

Answer 274

Remember bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory: Child>classroom>school>community

Question 275

The rise in secondary education was the result of several historical and social trends that converged at the turn of the twentieth century. What were they?

Answer 275

-Industrialization: created a lot of jobs, introduced child labour laws that kept children from working in factories. Offered youth more time at home. Education laws put youth in mandatory schooling -Urbanization: ? -Immigration: more people competing form jobs, more need for social control as well

Question 276

What did social reformers envision education to do?

Answer 276

-a means of improving the lives of the poor and working class -way for social control to try and give everyone an equal opportunity for equal progress - universal schooling system for equal exposure

Question 277

What is comprehensive high school?

Answer 277

Modern educational system designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents -prep for post-secondary, and training for work force right after

Question 278

Americal evolution of the education system: what happened in the 1950s and 70s?

Answer 278

1950s: focus on intellectual training -math + science 1970s: focus on real world experience -career development and work-study programs

Question 279

American evolution of the education system: what happened in the 1990s?

Answer 279

Focus on fixing social problems -targeted for preventative interventions -targented violence, juvenile delinquency, there was more HIV so public health systems targeted schools to try out interventions -greater focus on social-emotional learning: curriculum that helps you better prep from mental health challenges (ex. how to foster peer relationships)

Question 280

What did rising concerns about inability to compete for high-skills jobs lead to in 2002?

Answer 280

No Child Left Behind Act

Question 281

What is the No Child Left Behind Act?

Answer 281

Mandates all states ensure that all students, regardless of economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency on standardized annual tests

Question 282

What were the problems with the No Child Left Behind Act?

Answer 282

Lots: -some schools artificially inflated their test scores; taught kids how to do well on a test, but didn't teach them how to do well in a range of topics. If there were subjects that weren't on the test, it waste taught -impacted schools with not enough resources: also would lose funding if grades too low -dispairity between high/low performing students: had to cut corners pushing low achieving students out of schools, and encouraging low performing students to be absent on test days -effects on quality of teaching: just taught for the test, not purpose on knowledge. Underfunded or cutting subjects no on the test -average scores not representative of the range: excluding or not revealing the huge gap between high performing and under performing students

Question 283

What did the Obama admin do in an attempt to fix many of the initial problems?

Answer 283

-stressed the need to have high standards for all students -proposed a common set of standards across all 50 states -schools encouraged to develop better ways of evaluation -accountability for teacher training - tried to help teachers improve their classroom skills *didnt alter school performance for low SES

Question 284

What did the Trump (BOOOOOOO) admin do to schools?

Answer 284

-encouraged competition, choice in schools ex. voucher plan:essentially privatizing, and drains money from public schools, creates more inequality -secretary of education: conventional, private, religious schools compete for students? -now proposing to dismantle fed DOE -now that he's back the voucher programs are back again, dismantling federal department for education

Question 285

What did the Biden admin do with schools?

Answer 285

-pandemic-related impacts on schools -reverse voucher plan to better fund public schools -most of his fundings tried to divert from trumps, and put money back into public schools

Question 286

Does Canada rank high among other nations?

Answer 286

YAAA -scoring consistently above average on academic indicators (ranked 8th/9th out of 80 on math, reading, science)

Question 287

What formats does Canada offer schools?

Answer 287

Public, private, boarding, all girls/boys, catholic, christian -curriculums pretty homo, but some differences

Question 288

What are some differences in educational policies in Canada?

Answer 288

-Quebec goes to grade 11, college in grade 12, prep year to bridge between high school and post-secondary (Quebec 7-11, CEGEP -BC focuses on literacy and math skills, indigenous perspectives and knowledge in everyday teaching, value diversity like adapted programs infused into the curriculum

Question 289

The evolution of Canadian school systems were highly influenced by ____ and _____ ____

Answer 289

geography, population size -affected funding, ex. Quebec and Ontario had more resources, so education happened earlier

Question 290

When was the first national school system?

Answer 290

1950s when Canada was moving towards Confederation -nation wide school tax funded system. proposal for universal education system. -efforts to unify Canada, civil war in US -there were rebellions between upper and lower Canada, and social reformers saw the universal school system as an opportunity to ease unrest

Question 291

When were the first church-run residential schools, federal schools, and when did the last school close?

Answer 291

Church-run: 1830s Federal: 1880s Last: 1997

Question 292

What was the fucked up purpose of residential schools?

Answer 292

To educate and control indigenous youth to assimilate to Canadian society -seperated from families -impacts lasting to today -eradicated culture, language.. kids were forbidden to wear traditional clothing, language, ceremony -staff would refer to children as numbers. -kids forced to maintain school buildings

Question 293

What is eroding cultural identity?

Answer 293

Trauma through historical oppression passed down through generations

Question 294

What happened to kids identities when they were forced into residential schools?

Answer 294

-stripped of identity: adolescent period of time where identity is supposed to emerge - but in a residential school there is no opportunity for this

Question 295

Parenting models in residential schools were based on punishment, abuse, coercion, and control so....

Answer 295

there was no model of a nurturing environment -When kids left institutions and went home, the impact damaged their parenting models -contributing to intergenerational trauma

Question 296

What percent of kids age 0-14 are indigenous? What percent of kids in foster care are indigenous?

Answer 296

7.7% of kids are indigenous, 53.8% of kids in foster care are indigenous

Question 297

What are three plausible mechanisms, and three examples for each for pathways that could lead to intergenetrational trauma related to residential schools?

Answer 297

1. Biological pathways: epigenetic changes like HPA axis arousal, coping, stable maladaptive 2. psycho-social patways: parenting, trauma-based symptoms, isolation 3. community pathways: oppression, cultural discontinuity, structural resources

Question 298

what is a machiavellian bully?

Answer 298

highly competent bullies who can engage in prosocial behaviour and aggressive - they are bistrategic controllers - able to maximize resource control and perceived popularity - instrumental agression