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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transportation, Protection, and Regulation

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2
Q

Matrix of blood

A

Plasma

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3
Q

What elements are in blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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4
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

Cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow

A

Platelets

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6
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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7
Q

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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8
Q

What are the five types of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

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9
Q

Identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen

A

Serum

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10
Q

Resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles

A

Viscosity

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11
Q

The total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

A

Osmolarity

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12
Q

What happens if osmolarity is too high?

A

Blood absorbs too much water which increases blood pressure

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13
Q

What happens if osmolarity is too low?

A

Too much water stays in tissue and blood pressure drops

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14
Q

How is optimum osmolarity achieved?

A

Regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and red blood cells

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15
Q

Deficiency of plasma proteins

A

Hypoproteinemia

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16
Q

How is Hypoproteinemia caused?

A

Extreme starvation, liver or kidney disease, and severe burns

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17
Q

An acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates

A

Kwashiorkor

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18
Q

What are the functions of Erythrocytes?

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues and pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs

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19
Q

Give rise to all blood formed elements

A

Hemocytoblasts

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20
Q

Percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBC’s

A

Hematocrit

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21
Q

Excess of RBCs

A

Polycythemia

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22
Q

Slowing of erythropoiesis

A

Hypoplastic anemia

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23
Q

Complete cessation of erythropoiesis

A

Aplastic anemia

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24
Q

Complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that are unique to the individual

A

Antigens

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25
Q

Antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing

A

Agglutinogens

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26
Q

Proteins secreted by plasma cells

A

Antibodies

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27
Q

Antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch

A

Agglutinins

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28
Q

Antibody molecule binding to antigens; causes clumping of red blood cells

A

Agglutination

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29
Q

What is the most common blood type?

A

Type O

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30
Q

What is the rarest blood type?

A

Type AB

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31
Q

Rh antibodies attack fetal blood causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome

A

Hemolytic disease

32
Q

production of white blood cells

A

Leukopoiesis

33
Q

Low white blood cell count

A

Leukopenia

34
Q

High white blood cell count

A

Leukocytosis

35
Q

Cancer of hemopoietic tissue that usually produces an extraordinary high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors

A

Leukemia

36
Q

Uncontrolled granulocyte production

A

Myeloid leukemia

37
Q

Uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production

A

Lymphoid leukemia

38
Q

Leukemia that appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, death within months

A

Acute

39
Q

Undetected for months, survival time 3 years

A

Chronic leukemia

40
Q

The cessation of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

41
Q

Excessive bleeding

A

Hemorrhage

42
Q

What is normal platelet count?

A

130,000-400,000

43
Q

Prompt constriction of a broken vessel

A

Vascular spasm

44
Q

What happens when a vessel is broken?

A

It exposes collagen

45
Q

Signaling molecules made by oxidation of twenty-carbon essential fatty acids

A

Eicosanoid

46
Q

What must happen if a blood clot occurs?

A

The clot must be prevented from growing, the fomred clot must be removed, and the tissue must heal

47
Q

Distinguish the left and right side of the heart from eachother

A

The left side has fully oxygenated blood which arrives from lungs visa pulmonary veins, the right side has lesser oxygenated blood and arrives from vena cava

48
Q

What happens with the blood on the left side of the heart?

A

Its sent to all organs via aorta

49
Q

What happens with the blood on the right side of the heart?

A

Its sent to lungs via pulmonary trunk

50
Q

Double walled sac that encloses the heart

A

Periocardium

51
Q

Serous lining of sac turns inward at base of heart to cover the heart surface

A

Epicardium

52
Q

Inflammation of the membranes of the heart

A

Pericarditis

53
Q

Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessles

A

Endocardium

54
Q

Muscle spirals around heart which profuces wringing motion

A

Myocardium

55
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right and left atrium, and right and left ventricles

56
Q

What happens in the left and right atrium?

A

Receives blood returning to heart

57
Q

What happens in the left and right ventricles?

A

Pumps blood into arteries

58
Q

Chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow

A

Angina pectoris

59
Q

Striated, short, thick, branched cells, one central nucleus surrounded by light-staining mass of glycogen

A

Cardiocytes

60
Q

Join cardiocytes end to end

A

Intercalated discs

61
Q

An abnormal cardiac rhythm

A

Arrhythmia

62
Q

Composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs, chest

A

Electrocardiogram

63
Q

One complete contracton and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

A

Cardiac cycle

64
Q

All four chambers relaxed at same time

A

Quiescent period

65
Q

What are the two main variables that govern fluid movement?

A

Pressure and Resistance

66
Q

Causes fluid to flow

A

Pressure

67
Q

Opposes fluid flow

A

Resistance

68
Q

Even though the ventricles contract, they do not eject blood

A

Isovolumetric

69
Q

Begins when the ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure and forces semilunar valves open

A

Ventricular ejection

70
Q

Blood spurts out of each ventricle rapidly at first

A

Rapid ejection

71
Q

Blood comes out more slowly under reduced pressure

A

reduced ejection

72
Q

Left ventricle pumps less blood than the right, the blood pressure backs up into the lungs

A

Pulmonary edema

73
Q

Right ventricle pumps less blood than the left, pressure backs up in the systemic circulation

A

Systemic edema

74
Q

Results form the failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectiveley

A

Congestive heart failure

75
Q

The amount ejected by ventricle in one minute

A

Cardiac output

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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