Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Transportation, Protection, and Regulation
Matrix of blood
Plasma
What elements are in blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow
Platelets
White blood cells
Leukocytes
What are the two categories of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
What are the five types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
Identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen
Serum
Resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles
Viscosity
The total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall
Osmolarity
What happens if osmolarity is too high?
Blood absorbs too much water which increases blood pressure
What happens if osmolarity is too low?
Too much water stays in tissue and blood pressure drops
How is optimum osmolarity achieved?
Regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and red blood cells
Deficiency of plasma proteins
Hypoproteinemia
How is Hypoproteinemia caused?
Extreme starvation, liver or kidney disease, and severe burns
An acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates
Kwashiorkor
What are the functions of Erythrocytes?
Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues and pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs
Give rise to all blood formed elements
Hemocytoblasts
Percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBC’s
Hematocrit
Excess of RBCs
Polycythemia
Slowing of erythropoiesis
Hypoplastic anemia
Complete cessation of erythropoiesis
Aplastic anemia
Complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that are unique to the individual
Antigens
Antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing
Agglutinogens
Proteins secreted by plasma cells
Antibodies
Antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch
Agglutinins
Antibody molecule binding to antigens; causes clumping of red blood cells
Agglutination
What is the most common blood type?
Type O
What is the rarest blood type?
Type AB
Rh antibodies attack fetal blood causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome
Hemolytic disease
production of white blood cells
Leukopoiesis
Low white blood cell count
Leukopenia
High white blood cell count
Leukocytosis
Cancer of hemopoietic tissue that usually produces an extraordinary high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors
Leukemia
Uncontrolled granulocyte production
Myeloid leukemia
Uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production
Lymphoid leukemia
Leukemia that appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, death within months
Acute
Undetected for months, survival time 3 years
Chronic leukemia
The cessation of bleeding
Hemostasis
Excessive bleeding
Hemorrhage
What is normal platelet count?
130,000-400,000
Prompt constriction of a broken vessel
Vascular spasm
What happens when a vessel is broken?
It exposes collagen
Signaling molecules made by oxidation of twenty-carbon essential fatty acids
Eicosanoid
What must happen if a blood clot occurs?
The clot must be prevented from growing, the fomred clot must be removed, and the tissue must heal
Distinguish the left and right side of the heart from eachother
The left side has fully oxygenated blood which arrives from lungs visa pulmonary veins, the right side has lesser oxygenated blood and arrives from vena cava
What happens with the blood on the left side of the heart?
Its sent to all organs via aorta
What happens with the blood on the right side of the heart?
Its sent to lungs via pulmonary trunk
Double walled sac that encloses the heart
Periocardium
Serous lining of sac turns inward at base of heart to cover the heart surface
Epicardium
Inflammation of the membranes of the heart
Pericarditis
Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessles
Endocardium
Muscle spirals around heart which profuces wringing motion
Myocardium
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
Right and left atrium, and right and left ventricles
What happens in the left and right atrium?
Receives blood returning to heart
What happens in the left and right ventricles?
Pumps blood into arteries
Chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow
Angina pectoris
Striated, short, thick, branched cells, one central nucleus surrounded by light-staining mass of glycogen
Cardiocytes
Join cardiocytes end to end
Intercalated discs
An abnormal cardiac rhythm
Arrhythmia
Composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs, chest
Electrocardiogram
One complete contracton and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart
Cardiac cycle
All four chambers relaxed at same time
Quiescent period
What are the two main variables that govern fluid movement?
Pressure and Resistance
Causes fluid to flow
Pressure
Opposes fluid flow
Resistance
Even though the ventricles contract, they do not eject blood
Isovolumetric
Begins when the ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure and forces semilunar valves open
Ventricular ejection
Blood spurts out of each ventricle rapidly at first
Rapid ejection
Blood comes out more slowly under reduced pressure
reduced ejection
Left ventricle pumps less blood than the right, the blood pressure backs up into the lungs
Pulmonary edema
Right ventricle pumps less blood than the left, pressure backs up in the systemic circulation
Systemic edema
Results form the failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectiveley
Congestive heart failure
The amount ejected by ventricle in one minute
Cardiac output
