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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Short, course hairs overlying the supra orbital margins of the eye that shade the eyes and keep sweat out

A

Eyebrows

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2
Q

Help protect the eye from physical danger as well as drying out

A

Eyelids and eyelashes

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3
Q

Transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and the whites of the eyes, produces lubricating mucous that prevents eye from drying out

A

Conjunctiva

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4
Q

Where tears fall from, opening edge on eyelid

A

Lacrimal punctum

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5
Q

Surrounds sides and back of eye, cushions eye, allows free movement, and protects blood vessels and nerves

A

Orbital fat

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6
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Tunica Fibrosa, Tunica Vasculosa, and Tunica Interna

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7
Q

What is the tunica Fibrosa made up of?

A

Sclera and cornea

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8
Q

What is the tunica Vasculosa made up of?

A

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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9
Q

What is the tunica Interna made up of?

A

Retina and optic nerve

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10
Q

Made up of two layers: pigmented layer and neural layer; pressed against back of eyeball by vitreous humor

A

Retina

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11
Q

Clouding of lens

A

Cataract

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12
Q

Elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of sleral venous sinus and improper drainage of aqueous humor

A

Glaucoma

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13
Q

Avascular, biconcave, transparent, flexible structure that can change shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina

A

Lens

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14
Q

Occurs when light meets the surface of a different medium at an oblique angle rather than a right angle

A

Refraction

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15
Q

When is light bent?

A
  1. As it enters the cornea
  2. As it enters lens
  3. As it leaves lens
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16
Q

What must the eye do to see something close up?

A

Convergence of the eyes, constriction of pupil, and accommodation of lens

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17
Q

Occurs when objects focus in front of the retina and results in seeing close objects of the pupils and convergence of the eyeballs

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)

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18
Q

Occurs when objects are focused behind the retina and results in seeing distant objects clearly but close objects are blurred

A

Hyperopia

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19
Q

The process by which the eye detects light energy

A

Photoreception

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20
Q

Modified neurons that structurally resemble tall epithelial cells

A

Photoreceptors

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21
Q

Occurs when we move from darkness into bright light

A

Light adaption

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22
Q

When we go from a well-lit area into a dark one. The cones stop functioning and the rhodopsin starts to accumulate in the rods, increasing retinal sensitivity

A

Dark adaption

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23
Q

What are the receptors for taste and smell?

A

Chemorecepters

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24
Q

Organ of smell located in the roof of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory Epithelium

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25
Q

Bipolar neurons with a thin apical dendrite that terminates in a knob with several olfactory cilia

A

Olfactory receptors

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26
Q

What are the sensory receptor organs for taste?

A

Taste buds

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27
Q

Olfactory disorders resulting from head injuries that tear the olfactory nerves, nasal cavity inflammation, or aging

A

Anosmias

28
Q

Olfactory hallucinations

A

Uncinate fits

29
Q

Small, air-filled, mucosa-lined, cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

A

Tympanic Cavity (middle ear)

30
Q

What are the two major divisions of the internal ear?

A

Bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth

31
Q

The central cavity of the bony labyrinth with two membranous sacs suspended in the perilymph, the saccule and the utricle

A

Vestibule

32
Q

Project from the posterior aspect of the vestibule, each containing an equilibrium receptor region called a crista ampullaris

A

Semicircular canals

33
Q

A pressure disturbance produced by a vibrating object and propagated by the molecules of the medium

A

Sound

34
Q

The number of waves that pass a given point in a given time

A

Frequency

35
Q

Reveals a sounds intensity

A

Amplitude

36
Q

Any hearing loss, no matter how slight

A

Deafness

37
Q

A ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli

A

Tinnitus

38
Q

Labyrinth disorder that causes a person to suffer repeated attacks of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting

A

Meniere’s syndrome

39
Q

What are the sensory receptors for static equilibrium?

A

Maculae

40
Q

What is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium?

A

Crista ampullaris

41
Q

Why are people farsighted?

A

Eyeball is too short or lens cannot become round enough

42
Q

What is Otitis Media?

A

A middle ear infection common in children where the auditory tube is short and horizontal; causes pain and impaired hearing

43
Q

What is conductive deafness?

A

Conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear

44
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Death of hair cells or any nervous system elements concerned with hearing

45
Q

What are the 4 principal mechanisms of communication between cells?

A

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrine hormones, and hormones

46
Q

Glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

A

Endocrine system

47
Q

Organs that are traditional sources of hormones

A

Endocrine glands

48
Q

Chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away

A

Hormones

49
Q

Have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract

A

Exocrine Glands

50
Q

Do not have ducts; use internal secretions

A

Endocrine Glands

51
Q

What hormones does the Hypothalamus produce?

A

ADH, Oxytocin, and regulatory hormones

52
Q

What hormones does the Pituitary Gland produce?

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH, oxytocin, and ADH

53
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine, Triiodothronine, Calcitonin

54
Q

What hormones does the Pineal Gland produce?

A

Melatonin

55
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone

56
Q

What hormones do the Adrenal glands produce?

A

Epinephrine, noepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and androgens

57
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and glucagon

58
Q

Regulates primitive functions of the body from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth

A

Hypothalamus

59
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Thickening of bones and soft tissues in adults

60
Q

What is goiter?

A

Any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland

61
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Excess PTH secretion, causes tumor

62
Q

Transmits light, supports the posterior surface of the lens, holds the retina firmly against the pigmented layer, and contributes to intraocular pressure

A

Vitreous humor

63
Q

Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea while carrying away wastes

A

Aqueous humor

64
Q

Highly sensitive and are best suited to night vision

A

Rods

65
Q

Less sensitive to light and are best adapted to bright light and color vision

A

Cones

66
Q

What do photoreceptors contain?

A

Retinal

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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