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Vet Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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2
Q

What are tissues

A

Cells of similar type and function clustered together

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3
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

Sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues

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4
Q

What is connective tissue

A

They provide support and structure to membranes

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5
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

Tissue that enables movements

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6
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

Tissue that directs work

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7
Q

What tissue types are found in most organs

A

All of them

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8
Q

What is histology

A

Study of microscopic tissue and organs

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9
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection, filters biochemical substances, absorbs nutrients, provides sensory input, manufactures secretions, and manufactures exretions

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10
Q

What are the important characteristics of epithelia tissue

A

Each cell is polar, has a lateral surface containing junctional complexes that connect each cell to its neighboring cells, avascular, and innervated

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11
Q

What is the apical surface

A

The top surface of the cell that faces the lumen

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12
Q

What is the basal surface

A

The bottom surface that faces underlying connective tissue

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13
Q

What are the functions of the basal lamina

A

Foundation of the epithelial cells, there is a nonliving network of fibers that cement cells to underlying tissue varying in thickness secreted by epithelial cells, helps prevent cells from being torn off by either stretching or rubbing, and a partial barrier to underlying tissue that allows passage of oxygen and nutrient from capillaries and removes epithelial waste

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14
Q

What are the different cellular attachments

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and basement membrane

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15
Q

What are tight junctions

A

Formed by fusion of the outermost layers of plasma membranes of adjoining cells allowing for no leaks, wraps around the cell like a belt making a seamless barrier, and are found in the urinary bladder and digestive tract

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16
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Connects plasma membranes of adjacent cells but does not seal them, they are strong mechanical coupling plaques locked by tonofilaments similar to velcro, and found in tissues that undergo repeated tension/stretching such as the skin, heart, and uterus

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17
Q

What are gap junctions

A

Connexons a protein that links cells by a tubular channel as an extension from the cytoplasm of one cell to the next allowing an exchange and passage of ions and nutrients to quickly transport electrical signals btw cells

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18
Q

How are hemidesmosomes specified

A

Their connection to basement membrane

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19
Q

What type of cells are gap junctions present

A

Cardiac and smooth

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20
Q

How do surface specialization vary

A

Depending on their location on their role in the function of the tissue

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21
Q

What are the functions of microvilli

A

Increases surface area for absorption, forms a brush border, and contains cilia

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22
Q

What is cilia

A

Hair like microvilli that can beat in unasyn to transport material

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23
Q

What is keratin

A

Protective waterproof substance

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24
Q

What are the different methods of classification for epithelia

A

Number of layers of cells, shape of cells, and presence of surface specialization

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25
Q

What are simple squamous epithelium

A

Delicate and thin cells that reduce friction so they are found in the lining surfaces involved in passage of either gas or liquid

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26
Q

What is the mesothelium

A

Lines the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

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27
Q

What is the endothelium

A

Lines the blood and lymphatic vessels

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28
Q

What are simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells w/ the nuclei aligned in a single row found in areas where secretion and absorption occur such as the surface of ovaries, secretory glands, and lining of ducts

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29
Q

What are simple columnar epithelium

A

Elongated closely packed together making a more protective layer w/ nuclei aligned in a row at the base of the cell they are associated w/ absorption and secretion commonly found in excretory ducts, the digestive tract, oviducts, and resp tract

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30
Q

What are specific simple columnar epithelium found in the GIT

A

Absorptive cells that are covered in microvilli and goblet cells that secrete mucus

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31
Q

What are stratified squamous epithelium

A

Multilayered epithelium that protects the underlying tissues, the outer layers continually being worn away, and occurs in areas of body subject to mechanical and chemical stresses such as the mouth, esophagus, and vagina

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32
Q

What type of cells do stratified squamous epithelium originate as

A

Cuboidal cells at the base layer

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33
Q

What are stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Generally occurs in two layers, protects underlying tissues, and is found primarily along large excretory ducts such as sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

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34
Q

What are stratified columnar epithelium

A

Rare cells in selected parts of the mammary gland and urethra for secretion and protection

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35
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

A non stratified layer of cells w/ nuclei at varying levels, most cells are ciliated, the cells reach the luminal surface of the basement membrane, and are found in the trachea and portions of the male reproductive tract

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36
Q

What is transitional epithelium

A

Basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells with a superficial layer of squamous cells, they are leak proof membrane, and are found in regions required to expand and contract as part of their normal function such as the ureters, urethra, and bladder

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37
Q

What are glands

A

Cell or group of cells that manufacture and discharge a secretion classified by the presence or absence of ducts, number of cells that compose them, shape of secreting ducts, complexity of glandular structure, type of secretion produced, and manner in which secretion is stored and discharged

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38
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Have no ducts or tubules, produce and secrete hormones directly into bloodstream or lymphatic system such as the pituitary, adrenal glands, and pancreas

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39
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Possess ducts, discharge secretions directly into local areas by ducts except for goblet cells, and unicellular/multicellular such as hepatoid, musk, sweat, salivary, liver, and pancreas glands

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40
Q

What are unicellular exocrine gland

A

Only example is the ductless goblet cell composed of modified columnar epithelia and secretes mucin found among columnar cells of respiratory, GIT, and conjunctiva of the cells

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41
Q

What are multicellular exocrine glands

A

Composed of a secretory unit and a duct, the secretory unit is usually surrounded by CT is rich in blood vessels, nerve fibers, and may be surrounded by myoepithelial cells, and the rate of secretion production is controlled by hormones and nervous influences

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42
Q

What are the 2 ways exocrine glands can be catorgerized by complexity

A

Simple (unbranched) and compound (branched)

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43
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify exocrine glands by shape

A

Tubular, alveolar, and tubuloalveolar

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44
Q

What are tubular exocrine glands

A

Evenly long and wide channels typically such as intestinal glands

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45
Q

What are alveolar exocrine glands

A

Aka acinar they are rounded sacs such as sebaceous glands

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46
Q

What are tubuloaveolar exocrine glands

A

aka tubuloacinar they are both tubular and alveolar qualitiies and are found in mammary glands

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47
Q

What are the 3 classifications of exocrine glands by secretion style

A

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

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48
Q

What are merocrine exocrine glands

A

Secretory cells remain intact, packaged, and released via exocytosis as manufactured

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49
Q

What are apocrine exocrine glands

A

Glands store their secretions w/in themselves and the top part of cell is released into the duct system

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50
Q

What are holocrine exocrine glands

A

Glands store their secretions w/in themselves and the entire cell is destroyed in the act of releasing its product

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51
Q

What are the 2 classifications of exocrine glands by secretion

A

Serous which is watery and high concentration of enzymes and mucous which is thick/viscous composed of glycoproteins

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52
Q

What are mixed exocrine glands

A

Both serous and mucous components

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53
Q

What are the functions of CT

A

Metabolic and structural connections btw other tissues, protective sheath around organs, insulation for the body, reserve for energy, framework to support the body, medium for transporting substances from one region of the body to another, and playing a role in the healing process/control of invading microorgansim

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54
Q

What are the general characteristics of CT

A

Most abundant tissue by weight, vascularized, made of ground substance, EC fibers, and cells

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55
Q

What is ground substance

A

How cells exchange nutrients and waste w/ blood, amorphous (gel like) homogeneous material, envelopes and protects delicate cells, effective obstacle for invading microorgansims, and contains GAGs

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56
Q

What is the major component of ground substances

A

Hyaluronic acid

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57
Q

What are EC collagenous fibers

A

Strong thick strands of protein collagen, organized into bundles, and vary in density and arrangement of fibers such as surrounding organs and tendons/ligaments

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58
Q

What are EC reticular fibers

A

Thin, delicate, branched networks of collagen that provide support for highly cellular organs found in endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver, nerves, blood vessels, muscle fibers, and capillaries

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59
Q

What are EC elastic fibers

A

Composed primarily of elastin protein, branched to form complex networks, and occur in tissues subjected to stretching such as the vocal cords, lungs, skin, and walls of blood vessels

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59
Q

What are the three types of EC fibers CT is composed of

A

Collagenous, reticular, and elastin

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60
Q

What are the 2 types of cells CT is composed of

A

Fixed cells and wandering/transient cells

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61
Q

What are fixed cells

A

Remains in CT and is involved in production/maintenance of the matrix in specific tissues such as fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, adipocyte, and reticular cell

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62
Q

What are wandering cells

A

Passes in and out of CT and involved in repair/protection of tissue such as leukocyte, mast cells, and macrophage

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63
Q

What are the 2 types of connective CT

A

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue

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64
Q

What are the 2 different types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

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65
Q

What are the 3 type of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

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66
Q

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular tissue, dense irregular tissue, and elastic tissue

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67
Q

What is areolar tissue

A

Loose CT, tangle of random fibers and cells suspended in thick ground substance, predominant cell is fibroblast, pathological state allows the spaces to fill w/ fluid, and the functions are surrounds/supports, provides nutrients, and present in all mucous membranes

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68
Q

What is CT proper adipose tissue

A

Loose CT, areolar tissue in which adipocytes predominate, located throughout the body, highly vascular, 2 types white and brown, functions include energy storehouse, thermal insulator, and mechanical shock absorber

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69
Q

What is CT proper reticular tissue

A

Loose CT containing only reticular fibers that are thin loosely arranged reticular fibers/fibroblasts suspended in ground substance forming the framework of organs called stroma found in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

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70
Q

What do all types of dense fibrous CT have in common

A

The are densely packed collagen fibers

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71
Q

What are dense regular CT

A

Tightly packed parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts form rows, relatively avascular, and found in tendons, ligaments, and fascia

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72
Q

What are dense irregular CT

A

Thicker bundles of collagen than regular, fibers interwoven into single sheets, recieves signals from the epithelial, and are found on the dermis, fibrous covering of the kidney, testes, liver, and spleen, and forms the tough capsule of joints

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73
Q

What are elastic CT

A

Composed primarily of elastic fibers that are either parallel or interwoven w/ fibroblasts and collagen found in the spaces btw vertebrae, walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, heart, and nuchal ligament in horses

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74
Q

What is the nuchal ligament

A

Continuation of the elastic tissue in the vertebae that runs from the top of the withers to the back of the skull around C1&C2 reducing the strain when the horse is grazing for a long period of time or while running

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75
Q

What are the 3 types of specialized CT

A

Cartilage, bone, and blood

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76
Q

What are the 3 types of specialized CT cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

77
Q

What is cartilage

A

More rigid than dense CT but more flexible than bone, avascular, enclosed w/in a perichondrium, contains chondrocytes in lacunae, matrix contains ground substance, tissue fluid, collagen, and elastic fibers, and found in joints, ears, nose, vocal cords, and framework for bone formation

78
Q

What is the perichondrium

A

Nutrient and waste exchange point for cartilage

79
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

Most common cartilage, most rigid cartilage composed of closely packed collagen fibers, and found in most embryonic skeleton, tracheal rings, auricular cartilage, growth plates of long bones, and sternum to ribs connections

80
Q

What is elastic cartilage

A

Contains many elastic fibers in dense branching bundles, flexible for repeated bending, and located in the epiglottis of the larynx and the external ears of animals

81
Q

What is fibrocartilage

A

Usually found merged w/ hyaline cartilage and dense CT containing thick bundles of hyaline cartilage, has no perichondrium, designed to take compression, and is located btw vertebrae of spine (discs), btw bones in pelvis, and meniscus of the knee joint

82
Q

What is blood

A

Matrix consists of plasma as a ground substance, proteins as fibrous components, and cells are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

83
Q

What is a membrane

A

Thin protective layers of epithelial sheet bound to underlying CT proper

84
Q

What are the 4 common types of membranes

A

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

85
Q

What are mucus membranes

A

Lines organs w/ connections to outside environment such as the mouth, GIT, trachea, sinuses, bladder, and uterus, composed of stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering the lamina propria, secretes large quantities of mucus, and can absorb in the intestine

86
Q

What contains the mucous to the underlying layers

A

Submucosa

87
Q

What does mucus contain

A

Water, electrolytes, and mucin

88
Q

What are serous membranes

A

Single sheet of simple squamous epithelium bound to underlying layer of loose CT and produces thin watery serosal fluid in the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium

89
Q

What do the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum merge to form

A

Mesenteries in the abdominopelvic cavity such as the omentum

90
Q

What is serosal fluid

A

Small amounts normally found in body cavities excessive fluid w/in body cavity is known as effusion and abnormally low amounts of serosa produced leads to adhesions

90
Q

What are adhesions

A

Abnormal serosal attachments w/in body cavity similar to scar tissue

91
Q

What is hemoabdomen and hemothorax

A

Excessive blood in the abdomen and thorax

92
Q

What is chyle effusion

A

Excessive lymphocytes in the thoracic cavity

93
Q

What are cutaneous membranes

A

Integument epidermis that is always exposed to outside environment make of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and is attached to an underlying layer of dense irregular CT

94
Q

What are synovial membranes

A

Lines the cavities of joints made of CT and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers, contains no epithelium, and fibroblasts and is manufacture synovial fluid that fills joint spaces

95
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

Fibrous cells designed for contraction composed of actin and myosin that slide over one another

96
Q

What is skeletal muscle

A

Large cells containing hundreds of nuclei and mitochondria, striated, collagen fibers surrounding cells merge w/ collagen fibers in tendons to attach muscle to bone, voluntary, and become paretic or paralyzed

97
Q

What is smooth muscle

A

Small spindle shaped cells, non striated, involuntary, found in walls of hollow organs such as blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus, intestines, stomach, and exocrine glands, and is responsible for peristalsis

98
Q

What is cardiac muscle

A

Located in the heart they are small branching cells w/ only one nucleus, striated, connected via intercalated disks, contains specialized pacemaker cells to signal contractions at regular intervals, and involuntary

99
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

Designed to receive and transmit signals throughout the body, located in the brain spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, and consists of neurons and neuroglial cells

100
Q

What is longest cells in the body

A

Neurons

101
Q

What are the 3 primary parts of neurons

A

Perikaryon (cell body), dendrites, and axon

102
Q

What neuroglial cells

A

Support neurons, do not transmit impulses, have insulating conductive membranes, provide framework, supply nutrients, and has phagocytizing properites

103
Q

What are the 3 healing and repairing steps

A

Inflammation, organization, and regeneration

104
Q

What is the inflammation step

A

Vasoconstriction in the initial 5-10 mins to control hemorrhage followed by a sustained period of vasodilation to surrounding capillaries to increase blood flow to affected area, fluid pours to affected area causing swelling, pain, and tenderness, clot formation slows bleeding and isolates wound to prevent spread of pathogens to body this is where fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, phagocytosis thru macrophages and neutrophils, and heparin and histamine are dispersed by the increased blood flow decreasing further swelling

105
Q

What trigger vasodilation

A

Heparin and histamine

106
Q

What is the organization stage

A

The formation of granulation tissue allows for wound repair which consists of phagocytosis and the granulation tissue allows for collagen fibers and newly branched capillaries and resistant to infection

107
Q

What is proud flesh

A

When horses grow too much granulation tissue develops

108
Q

What is the regeneration/fibrosis step

A

Epithelialization covers granulation tissue, the scab is pushed off, granulation tissue becomes fibrous scar and the contraction pulls wound close, and adhesions may occur in the thoracic or abdominal cavities

109
Q

What are the classifications of wound healing

A

First intention and second intention

110
Q

What is first intention

A

Wound edges in close apposition, no granulation tissue formation, no scarring, and surgical repair

111
Q

What is second intention

A

Wound edges separated from each other, scarring results, and granulation occurs

112
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system

A

Covers/protects, prevents desiccation, reduces threat of injury, assists in maintenance of normal body temp, excretes water, salt, and organic waste, receives and conveys sensory info, synthesizes vitamin D, and stores nutrients

113
Q

What is the epidermis

A

The surface of the skin

114
Q

What is the hypodermis

A

Thick layer that resides below the dermis, allows skin to move freely over underlying structures, and contains loose layer of areolar tissue has fibers continuous w/ dermis, adipose, blood, and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and pacinian corpuscles

115
Q

What is a keratinocyte

A

Specialized squamous epithelial cell that produces keratin giving the skin resiliency, waterproof, and strength

116
Q

What is keratinization

A

Development/growth of new keratin cells allows cells to exfoliate daily

117
Q

What are melanocytes

A

Cells that are located in the deepest epidermal layer that produce melanin and provides UV protection

118
Q

What is melanin

A

Pigment stored in melanosomes which are later absorbed by keratinocytes

119
Q

What are langerhans cells

A

Epidermis specific macrophages that phagocytize micro invaders

120
Q

What are merkel cells

A

Located at the epidermal junctions associated w/ sensory nerve endings to form the merkel disc

121
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from deepest to superficial

A

Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

122
Q

What are the 3 epidermal layers for hairy skin

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum

123
Q

What are tactile elevations

A

Epidermal papillaes hold tactile hairs (tylotrich hairs) which gives the animal a perception of touch

124
Q

What is the dermis

A

The greatest portion of integument, animals hide made of highly fibrous dense irregular CT, and has 2 layers that papillary layer and reticular layer

125
Q

What are other components of the dermis

A

Hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels, lymphatic channels, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages

126
Q

What is the papillary layer

A

The top layer of the dermis that contains the dermal papillae, blood vessels, and nerve endings

127
Q

What is dermal papillae

A

Increase surface area to cement epidermis to dermis

128
Q

What is meissner’s corpuscles

A

A nerve that creates sensitivity to light touch

129
Q

What is the reticular layer

A

Consist of 80% of the dermis, indistinct boundary btw papillary layer, and parallel bundles of collagen fibers that make up tension lines and dermal folds or flexure lines

130
Q

What are tension lines

A

Separation btw bundles that determine where the skin will fold and move

131
Q

What are dermal folds/flexure lines

A

Dermis tightly secured to underlying tissues found in regions where a lot of flexing occurs

132
Q

What are pacinain corpuscles

A

Touch receptor sensitive to heavy pressure

133
Q

What are the special features of the integument

A

Pigmentation, paw pads, palnum nasale, ergots, chestnuts, and cutaneous pouches in sheep

134
Q

What is pigmentation

A

Result of dispersion of the granules, non pigmented granules are near the nucleus, is controlled by the hypophysis (pituitary gland) producing melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) melanosomes are absorbed by keratinocytes arranged on side of cell w/ greatest amount of sun exposure

135
Q

What are the characteristics of paw pads

A

Tough, thick layers of fat and CT, conical papillae cover entire pad, has all 5 epidermal layers, pigmented, and there are 3 ind pads

136
Q

What are the 3 foot pads

A

Carpal pad, metacarpal/metatarsal pads, and digital pads

137
Q

What are the planum nasale

A

Top of the nose in cats, pigs, sheep, and dogs, usually pigmented, covered in polygonal plaque w/ deep grooves in the stratum corneum, and aglandular except in sheep, pigs. and cows

138
Q

What is the planum nasolabiale

A

Muzzle in cows and horses

139
Q

What does polygonal plaque do for the animal

A

Increases their sense of small

140
Q

What are ergots and chestnuts

A

Dark horny structures on legs of equine family thought to be vestiges of digits

141
Q

Where are chestnuts

A

Inside of each leg at carpus and tarsus thought to be vestiges of carpal/tarsal pads of 1st digit

142
Q

Where are ergots

A

Buried in caudal hairs of fetlock thought to be vestiges of carpal/tarsal pads of 2nd and 4th digits

143
Q

What are the cutaneous pouches in sheep

A

Infoldings of skin that contain fine hair, sebaceous, and oil glands located infraobital, interdigital, and inguinal, and they secrete lanolin, a fatty yellow substance that dries to the skin is waterproof and antibacterial

144
Q

What are the related structures of the integument

A

Hair, arrector pili muscles, glands of the skin, claws, dewclaws, hooves, horns

145
Q

What are the functions of hair

A

Maintenance of body temperature and protection via camouflage

146
Q

What are arrector pili

A

Small smooth muscle that attaches to each hair follicle is innervated by sympathetic nervous system and contraction pulls the hair erect

147
Q

What are sebaceous glands

A

Duct empties into hair follicle or directly onto skin the holocrine glands located in the dermis, they can be simple or complex alveolar structures, the excrete sebum and lanolin they are located on the lips, labia vulvae, penis, prepuce, anus, eyelid, and ear canal

148
Q

What are the glands of the skin

A

Sebaceous glands, sweat glands, tail glands, and anal sacs

149
Q

What are the 3 layers in the wall of the hair follicle

A

Internal epithelial root sheath, outer epithelial root sheath, and dermal/CT root sheath

150
Q

What are the 3 concentric layers on the skin

A

Medulla that is flexible soft keratin, cortex that is rigid hard keratin, and cuticle that is a single layer in scales

151
Q

What are compound follicles

A

Multiple hair strands in single pore 3 compound follicles group to emerge from same epidermal fold in dogs

152
Q

What are the 3 phases of the hair growth cycle

A

Anagen growth phase, catagen transition phase, and telogen resting phase

153
Q

What is telogen effluvium

A

The medical term for blowing coat aka shedding

154
Q

What expresses hair color

A

Pigment in cortex and medulla of hair strand melanin produced in base of hair follicle and transferred to hair strand this decreases w/ age

155
Q

What causes hair color to change

A

Different colors due to quantity and type of melanin such as pheomelanin for yellowish and reddish colors and tyrosine melanin for brown black colors

156
Q

What are the types of hair

A

Primary hairs, secondary hairs, and tactile hairs

157
Q

What are primary hairs

A

Guard hairs that stand straight or arched thicker and longer than secondary hairs and dominant hairs in complex hair follicle

158
Q

What are secondary hairs

A

Wool type hairs that are softer and shorter than primary hairs

159
Q

What is sebum

A

Oily lipid substance the sebum forced thru duct into hair follicle by the arrector pili muscle that contracts and compresses gland the sebum coats base of the hair and surrounding skin trapping moisture, keeps skin and hair soft, pliant waterproof, and reduces risk of infection

160
Q

What are sweat glands

A

Sudoriferous glands produce watery transparent liquid to help cool body thru evaporation, found over entire body only horses produce profuse sweat

161
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine and apocrine

162
Q

What are eccrine sweat gland

A

Empty onto surface of skin found on foot pads of dogs

163
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands

A

Empty into hair follicles found in external ear canal of dogs

164
Q

What are tail glands

A

Oval region at dorsal base of tails of most dogs and cats especially large apocrine and sebaceous glands w/ coarse oily hairs they assist animals in identification of one another

165
Q

What are anal sacs

A

Reservoir for malodorous secretions, similar to those from musk glands lined w/ sebaceous and apocrine glands, contents are expressed w/ defecation or when the animal is frightened, and located in all mammals connected by single small duct to lateral margin of anus and can become infected

166
Q

What are claws

A

Hard outer coverings of distal digits that are non retractable except in most cats functions include maintaining traction, defense, and catching prey

167
Q

What are dewclaws

A

Evolutionary remnants of digits the first digit in dogs and cats and second and fifth digits in cows, pigs, and sheep

168
Q

What is the hoof

A

Horny outer covering of digits of ungulates each hoof covers a digit, not all hooves are weight bearing, made of modified epithelial layer, and rests on the corium

169
Q

What is the corium

A

Tissue the hoof rests on that is a modified dermis attached to the periosteum of P3 it is innervated and sensitive to pain

170
Q

What are the parts of the wall of the horse hoof

A

It is convex and broken into the toe, quarters, and heel

171
Q

What is the sole of the equine hoof

A

The plantar or palmar surface contains the white line which is the junction of the sole and hoof wall

172
Q

What is the frog of the equine hoof

A

Triangular horny structure, central sulcus if the cleft, and rests on digital cushion

173
Q

What is the lateral cartilages of the equine hoof

A

Extend proximally from distal phalanx to create a pump

174
Q

What are the 5 layers of the equine corium

A

Laminar, perioplic, coronary, sole, and frog

175
Q

What is the laminar corium

A

Btw hoof wall and third phalanx

176
Q

What are horns

A

Mass of horny keratin like the hoof, grow continuously in both sexes, and structurally similar to hair where the originate in the epidermal

177
Q

What are antlers

A

Primarily on males, dermal in origin, shed annually, bony protuberance from the skull, lack central core and internal blood supply

178
Q

What is pruritus

A

Itching

179
Q

What is alopecia

A

Hair loss

180
Q

What is hyperkeratosis

A

Thickened skin

181
Q

What is pyoderma

A

Bacterial skin infection

182
Q

What is hyperpigmentation

A

Increased pigment in skin

183
Q

What are the ways to determine the pathology w/ diagnostics

A

History, PE, skin scrape, imression smear, tape preparation, trichogram, and fungal culture

184
Q

What is a hot spot

A

Acute moist dermaitis typically brings pruritus, moisture, and pyoderma

185
Q

What is stud tail

A

Supracaudal gland hyperplasia or tail gland hyperplasia is caused by hypersecretion of the glands in the supracaudal organ

186
Q

What are comedones

A

Hair follicles blocked by an excess of skin oils and keratin

187
Q

What does a skin scrape look for

A

Mange

188
Q

What does impression smear and tape preparation look for

A

Yeast and bacteria

189
Q

What is a trichogram

A

Pluck hairs to identify ring worm

190
Q

What are the 2 categories of seborrhea

A

Oleosa over production of oil leading to clumped hair and sicca not enough production of oil resulting in dry flakes

Vet Anatomy (6 decks)

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