Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the 11 body systems
Skeletal, integumentary, nervous, cardio, resp, digestive, musculoskeletal, endocrine, sensory, urinary, and repro
What are bones
Hard, semi rigid, calcified connective tissue forming the skeleton they are dynamic tissue that has a blood, lymph, and nerve supply
What three categories of bone is the skeleton divided into
Axial, appendicular, and splanchnic
What are axial bones
Vertebral column, ribs, sternum, skull, and hyoid apparatus
What are appendicular bones
Bones of the limbs and their attachments
What are splanchnic bones
The os penis in dogs and the os cordis in cows
What are the functions of bones
Provides framework, provides levers for muscles, provides attachments for muscles, protects internal organs, contains marrow/provides for blood cell formation, and stores Ca/P
What organic matter is bone comprised of
Ossein a collagen comprised of proteins that provides flexible matrix to hold, support minerals, and provides nourishment
What inorganic material is bone comprised of
Tricalcium phosphate makes up 2/3 of bony composition
What percent of the body’s Ca is in bones
Over 99% the rest is in the blood stream
What is cortical bone
Compact bone that forms the outer layer of all bones and shafts of long bone, is composed of haversian systems, contain lacunae, canaliculi, and volkmann’s canal
What surrounds the central Haversian canal
Concentric layers of lamellae that contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
What are lacunae
Space between the matrix that appear like black holes
What are canaliculi
Tubes connecting lacunae
What is Volkmann’s canal
it is bypassed vessels that are between the haversian canals
What are cancellous bone
Delicate plates and spicules of bone tissue that forms lattice or matrix just underneath the compact bone, forms the bulk of short bones as well as the ends of bones, contains bone marrow
What is the periosteum
Membrane that covers the outer surface of bones that is broken up into an outer layer that is made of fibrous tissue and an inner layer where osteoblasts participate in bone growth and healing fractures
What is the endosteum
Membrane lines that have a hollow interior surfaces and contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What are the functions of osteoblasts
Form bone, secrete matrix of bone, supply minerals necessary to harden it, and eventually convert into osteocytes
What are osteoclasts
Cells that eat/destroy bone releasing Ca into the blood, and descend from monocytes
How do osteoblasts build bone matrix
They secrete collagen then calcification occurs
How is an osteocyte developed
An osteoblast walls itself up in ossified bone
What is endochondral bone ossification
When cartilage template is replaced by bone either in the primary growth center of the diaphysis during fetal development or in the secondary growth center in the epiphysis
How does skeletal maturity vary w/ size
Larger breeds reach maturity around 18 months while smaller breeds mature around 9 months
What negative correlation has been discovered w/ neutering dogs prior to skeletal maturity
Tearing their CCL
What will be affected if dogs hit obesity during bone development
Their bone density
What are the main two functions of bone remodeling
Repair damage and regulate blood Ca/P levels
What hormones regulate osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Calcitonin, PTH, estrogen, and testosterone
Where is new bone formed
At the periosteum
Where is bone resorption
In the endosteum
What is hypercalcemia
High blood Ca resulting in calcitonin to be released from the thyroid stimulating osteoblasts, inhibits osteoclasts, and increases renal Ca excretion
What is hypocalcemia
Low blood Ca resulting in PTH being released from the parathyroid inhibiting osteoblasts, stimulates osteoclasts, and decreases renal Ca excretion
What are common symptoms of hypercalcemia
Typically animals are asymptomatic but polyuria/polydipsia can be present
What are the common symptoms of hypocalcemia
Tremors, seizures, and cardiac arrest
What are common causes of hypercalcemia
Cancer, CKD, giving Ca supplements, and toxicity
What are common causes of hypocalcemia
Toxins, phosphate enemas, and antifreeze
What are the different shapes of bones
Long, flat, short, and irregular
What are long bones
Cylindrical elongated bones w/ long ends that usually support structures in extremities
What are flat bones
Protects organs and is composed of 2 layers of compact bone w/ spongey bone in the middle
What are short bones
Cube shaped that diffuse concussion ex carpal and tarsal
What is an example of irregular bones
The spine
What animals are red and yellow bone marrow more common in
Red is more common in younger animals while yellow is more common in adults
What is an articular surface
The point of contact between two bones aka joint
What are processes
Lumps, bumps, and other projections on a bone where muscle attaches
What is a foramen
A hole where nerves or vessels pass thru
What is a fossa
Depressed are typically occupied by muscles or tendons
What covers articular surfaces
Hyaline cartilage
What are the different articular surfaces
Condyle such as the distal end of the humerus, head, and facet which is a flat surface
What is hyaline cartilage
A combination of chondrocytes and matrix that is found on joint surfaces, epiphyseal plate, and costochondral junctions
What is elastic cartilage
A combination of chondrocytes, matrix, and yellow elastic tissue found in the external ear, larynx, and epiglottis
What is fibrocartilage
A combination of chondrocytes, matrix, and fibrous CT found in intervertebral discs and the menisci of the stifle
What is important thing to remember about cartilage
IT HAS NO VASCULAR SUPPLY
What is signalment
Patient demographic info such as species, sex, breed, and age
What is the signalment for fractures and why
Intact males because they are more likely to get loose and attempt to go thru anything to get to a female in heat
What is intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
Inflammation, calcification, or traumatic injury of the discs seen commonly in genetically dwarf dogs
What is type 1 IVDD
Classic random herniated disc cases where the core of the disc moves upward out of the spinal canal
What is type 2 IVDD
Arthritic cases that are chronic and slow developing herniated discs that typically occur in big dogs such as german shepards
What is an open fontanelle
A congenital defect where a soft spot remains at the junction of sutures on the skull common in toy breeds
What is medial luxating patella
When the V trough of the condyles are shallow on the femur and tendons are more medial allowing for the knee cap to move in and out of place commonly found in toy breeds
What is osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
The growth rate is inappropriate compared to the amount of Ca/P available causing the leading hyaline cartilage to die keeping it from ossifying and doing its job commonly found in large breed puppies that are obese
What is legg calve perthes disease
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is unknown stopping of the vasculature in the femoral head resulting in bone death often presents in lameness or fractures commonly seen in Poms
What are the two types of luxations
Traumatic or dysplastic
What is the most common cause of traumatic luxations
HBC can be either popped back into place or surgically fixed
What is the signalment for hip dysplasia
Labs, goldens, and all poodles
What is the signalment for sarcomas and osteosarcomas
Large breeds specifically rottweilers
What are the only two moveable joints in the skull
The mandible and hyoid apparatus
What two types of bones are the skull comprised of and what is their goal
Flat and irregular bones protect the brain and special sense organs
What are the three regions of the facial bones
Oral, nasal, and orbital
What is the cranium
The specific part of the skull that protects the brain
What are the external bones of the cranium
Occipital (1), interparietal bones (2), parietal bones (2), temporal bones (2), and frontal bones (2)
What is the occipital bone and what are it anatomical characteristics
A single bone that forms the base of the skull and it contains the foramen magnum and 2 occipital condyles
What is the foramen magnum
Big hole where the spinal cord exits the center of the skull connecting it to the spinal column
What are the 2 occipital condyle
Round smooth surfaces on lateral of both sides of the foramen magnum where the atlas vertebra articulates
What are the 2 parietal bones
The big C shape bones of the skull that form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium that varies in size depending on the species
What are the 2 interparietal bones
The 2 small bones located on dorsal midline btw occipital and parietal bones typically shaped like triangles only found in horses and cats
What are the 2 temporal bones
The 2 bones located ventral to parietal bones that form lateral walls of cranium that contains middle and inner ear structures, forms TMJ joints w/ mandible, and external acoustic meatus that is visible from the outside skull
What are the 2 frontal bones
The 2 bones that form the forehead region of the skull and part of the socket that holds the eye, the horn core develops here for horned breeds of cattle, the paranasal sinus is contained here, and forms the entire roof of the cranium in the pig and cattle due to smaller parietal bones
What are the 2 internal bones of the cranium
Sphenoid and ethmoid
What is the sphenoid bone
Forms the bottom of the cranium where the pituitary fossa houses the pituitary gland of the brain and the sphenoid sinus in most animals
What is the ethmoid bone
A single bone rostral to sphenoid bone that contains cribiform plate for olfactory nerves to pas through
What are the external facial bones
2 incisive bones, 2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 1-2 mandible bones, and rostral bone in pigs
What are the 2 incisive bones
House incisor teeth that is the most rostral part of the skull
What are the 2 nasal bones
The bones that make up the nasal cavity that vary in length based on breed
What is dolichocephalic
Long faced dogs
What is brachycephalic
Short faced dogs
What are the 2 maxillary bones
Houses the upper canine teeth, premolars, molars, and forms the hard palate
What are the 2 lacrimal bones
The medial portion of eye orbit that holds lacrimal sac
What does the 2 zygomatic bones
They make up the zygomatic arch
What are the internal facial bones
2 palatine, 2 pterygoid, vomer, and 4 turbinates
What are the 2 palatine bones
The caudal portion of hard palate
What are the 2 pterygoid bones
They support the lateral wall of the pharynx
What is the vomer bone
The midline of the skull that forms the nasal septum
What are the 4 turbinates
They make up the thin scroll like bones that fill space of nasal cavity known as the nasal conchae
What are the bones that make up the hyoid apparatus
Tympanohyoid cartilage, stylohyoid bone, epihyoid bone, ceratohyoid bone, basihyoid bone, thyrohyoid bone
What is the function of the hyoid apparatus
Support and aid in swallowing
What is the vertebrae
Irregular bones that function to protect the spinal cord, support the cranium, and provide muscle attachments
What are the three type of processes
Spinous, transverse, and articular
What are intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage connecting bodies of adjacent vertebrae
What is the vertebral arch
Dorsal part of vertebra that arises from the body that lines up to form the spinal canal and is broken up into 7 processes
What are the 7 processes of the vertebral arch
Spinous process, transverse processes, 2 cranial articular processes, and 2 caudal articular processes
What is the vertebral foramen
Space formed by arch and body vertebral canal
What is the intervertebral foramen
Opening btw vertebrae formed by caudal and cranial notches of adjacent vertebrae
What are the cervical vertebrae
The first 7 vertebrae in the spine that support the head and allow for a wide range of motion
What are the thoracic vertebrae
The 13 (dog, cat, and cattle) or 18 (horses) vertebrae that make up the middle section of the spine that should match up with the amount of ribs present, have a super tall spinous process, and super small transverse process
What are the lumbar vertebrae
The 7 (dog/cat) or 6 (cattle/horse) that makes up the lower spine between the ribs and sacrum they have a super tall transverse process and short stubby spinous process
What are the sacral vertebrae
The 3 (dog/cat) or 6 (cattle/horse) vertebrae that make up the sacrum that connects to the pelvis
What are the coccygeal vertebrae
The bones that make up the tail 20-23 (dog), 5-23 (cat), 18-20 (cows), and 15-21 (horse) the number of vertebrae in the tail is completely based on species/breed are short and square so the transverse and spinous process are about the same length
What is C1
The atlas has big wings that allow it to spin around the dens of the axis
What is C2
The axis has a large spinous process and dens
What are the ribs
Flat bones that form lateral walls of the thorax has spongy red marrow, aids in respiration, protects the viscera, and the dorsal heads articulates w/ thoracic vertebrae
What is intercostal space
Space btw adjacent ribs
What is the costal cartilage
Ventral ends of the ribs
What is costochondral junction
Area where cartilage meets bony rib
What is sternal (true) rib
Costal cartilage attaches to sternum
What are asternal (false) rib
Cartilage doesnt articulate w/ sternum but attaches to the costal arch
What are the floating rib
Ventral end is free found in the dog
What is the costal arch
Arch of cartilage that go upwards towards the sternum
What is the sternum
The breastplate that contains the manubrium (most cranial), sternebrae, and xiphoid also forms the floor of the thorax
What are the bones in the thoracic limb
Shoulder girdle, humerus, ulna, radius, and manus
What are the bones in the shoulder girdle
Scapula and clavicle
What is the scapula
Only bone of the shoulder girdle that is well developed in the domestic animals
What is the coracoid
Bone that is fused to the scapula in most animals except for chickens
What species have a clavicle (collar bone)
Primates, moles, and cats
What is the flat bone of the scapula
Longitudinal ridge also known as the spine
What is the glenoid cavity
Shallow, concave articular surface articulates w/ humerus that forms the socket portion of the shoulder joint
What does the brachium consist of
The humerus is a long bone connecting the shoulder to the elbow that has tubercles, condyles, and epicondyles
What are tubercles
Processes where muscles attach
What are condyles
Distal articular surfaces
What are epicondyles
Knobs that are non articular where ligaments attachments
What is the olecranon fossa
Articulates w/ olecranon of the ulna at the elbow joint
What is bones consist of the antebrachium
The forearm contains radius and ulna
What is the ulna
The bone that forms the major portion of the elbow joint w/ the olecranon process and the trochlear notch
What is the olecranon process
The point of the elbow
What is the trochlear notch
It wraps around part of the humerus
What is the radius
The main weight bearing bone of antebrachium that articulates w/ humerus and ulna
What are the different sets of bones in the manus
Carpus, metacarpals, and digits
What are the carpal bones
It is 2 rows of short bones a proximal and distal row
How are the proximal row of carpal bones named
Medial to lateral radial, intermediate, ulnar, and accessory
How is the distal row of carpal bones named
Medial to lateral 1-4
What makes the pig carpal bones different
In a general term the pig has 8 bones
What makes the dog/cat carpal bone different
Their radial and intermediate carpal bones are fused together
What is different about the horses carpal bones
The horse tends to have 8 carpal bones but occasionally 1 or 5 will be present in the distal row
What is different about ruminants carpal bones
They tend to have 6 carpal bones
What are the metacarpal bones
The hand bones that extend from distal carpal bones to proximal phalanges, numbered medial to lateral, and numbers vary by species
What are the ruminant metacarpals
One fused metacarpal bones consisting of metacarpal 3 and metacarpal 4
What is a digit consist of
3 phalanges and their sesamoids
How many digits do cattle and pigs have
2 well developed digits that support their weight (3 and 4) and 2 dewclaws (2 and 5)
Where is the ungual process located
On the distal phalanx
How many sesamoid bones does a cow have
2 proximal and 1 distal for each digit
What are the bones that make up the pelvic limb
Pelvic girdle, femur, stifle sesamoids, tibia, fibula, and pedis
What is the pelvic girdle consist of
Os coxae, pubic symphsis, acetabulum, and obturator foramen
What is the os coxae
The two largest flat bones composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
What is the pubic symphsis
The growth plate that unites the 2 os coxae bones
What is the acetabulum
A cup shaped cavity that articulates w/ the head of the femur
What is the obturator foramen
Hole in each os coxae where arteries, veins, and nerves pass thru to go down the leg
What are the important parts of the femur
The head fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis, the trochanters attaches to the hip and thigh muscles, the distal end forms the stifle joint, and contains the trochlea
What is the trochlea
Articular groove containing the patella
What are the 2 sesamoid bones of the stifle
The patella and the fabellae
What is the patella
The kneecap is a large sesamoid bone protecting the distal tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
What is the fabellae
2 small sesamoid bones located caudal to the stifle w/in the proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats
What is the tibia
The main weight bearing bone of the lower leg that helps form the stifle joint and the hock, has a tibial tuberosity, and the tibial crest
What is the tibial crest
The attachment site for patellar ligament
What is the common fracture site in young puppies
The tibial tuberosity this is called an avulsion fracture
What is the fibula
A thin complete bone of the lower leg that runs parallel to the tibia on the lateral aspect, it is non weight bearing, serves as a muscle attachment site, and has the lateral malleolus
What is the lateral malleolus
Knob like process near the tarsus
What are the different group of bones that is apart of the pes
The tarsus/hock, metatarsals, and digits are all apart of the foot
What is the tarsus/hock
Made of a group of 5-7 short bones in 2.5 rows a proximal row that has 2 bones, a central tarsal bone between the proximal and distal rows, and a distal row numbered medial to lateral
What are the 2 bones in the proximal row of the tarsus
The talus (medial) and the calcaneus (lateral)
What is the only difference between the metacarpal and metatarsal bones
There is no metatarsal 1 bone in dogs and cats unless they happen to have a back dewclaw
What is arthrology
Study of joints
What is a joint
Connection between any of the skeleton’s rigid parts
What are the three categories of joint structures
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What are fibrous joints
Immovable joints firmly united by fibrous tissue and has no joint cavity
What is synarthroses
Sutures of the skull
What is syndesmosis
A ligamentous joint that has an attachment btw the costal cartilages in the costal arch
What is gomphosis
The fibrous connection btw the teeth and jaw bone it is not a true joint but it is joint like
What are cartilage joints
They are united by hyaline or fibrocartilage or a combination of the two
What is amphiarthrosis
A slightly movable joint formed by either CT or fibrocartilage
What is symphysis
Fibrocartilage that occurs on the midline
What are synovial joints
Diarthroses is a freely movable joint w/ articular surfaces on bones that are covered in articular cartilage, has a joint cavity that is enclosed by a joint capsule which contains synovial membrane and fluid, and ligaments stabilize movement
What is snyovial fluid
Fluid that lubricates the joints filling the joint space that transports nutrients to the hyaline articular cartilage and removes wastes is made by synovial membrane
What are ligaments
Strong bands of white fibrous CT that is pliable but inelastic used to keep joint surfaces in alignment but allows movement
What is intracapsular ligaments
Located w/in the articular capsule of a joint
What is interosseous ligaments
Connects the non articular parts of adjacent surfaces of bones
What is extracapsular ligaments
Located outside of the joint capusle
What is collateral ligaments
They create an x across the joint
What is the typical cause of a CCL rupture
Degenerative disease of the ligament typically found in breeds that weight 60lbs or more allowing for rupture during normal dog activities
How is a CCL rupture diagnosed and treated
W/ a positive drawer sign and is treated w/ surgery or medical management/rehab
What is the most common cause of hindlimb lameness in dogs
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture
What are articular discs and menisci
Plates of fibrocartilage partially or completely dividing a joint cavity allowing for greater range of motion and decreases concussion
Where are discs found
In the stifle and temporomandibular joint
What are sesamoid bones
Short bones found w/in articular ligaments
What is a bursa
Sac like joint capsule btw 2 tissues to reduce friction like a pillow sits on C1 of horses
What is a synovial sheath
A bursa that wraps completely around a tendon and reduces friction btw the tendon & underlying bones
What is flexion
Decreases angle btw 2 bones
What is extension
Increases angle btw 2 bones
What is adduction
Movement toward the median plane
What is abduction
Movement away from the median plane
What is rotation
Twisting on own axis
What is circumduction
Movement of extremity so distal end moves in a circle
What are uniaxial joints
1 axis of rotation allowing movement at right angles to the bones involved (flexion and extension)
What are biaxial joints
2 horizontal axes at right angles to each other (flexion, extension, and circumduction)
What are multiaxial joints
Ball and socket/ spheroidal joints that allow for abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction
What are hinge joints
Ginglymus joints have one joint surface that swivels around another being uniaxial (flexion and extension)
What are gliding joints
Arthrodial joints have a rocking motion of one bone on another being biaxial (flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction)
What are pivot joints
Trochoid joints is where one bone rotates on another being uniaxial (rotation movement)
What are ball and socket joints
Spheroidal joints allow all 6 types of synovial joint movements being multiaxial
