Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the area called that the heart lies in ?

A

Mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the steps of the flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation ?

A
  1. Right ventricle
  2. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  3. Pulmonary trunk
  4. Pulmonary arteries
    5.pulmonary arterioles
  5. Pulmonary capillaries
  6. Pulmonary venules
  7. Pulmonary veins
    9.Left atrium
  8. Mitral valve
  9. Left ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the flow of blood through the systematic circulation ?

A
  1. Left ventricle
  2. Aortic semilunar valve
  3. Aorta
  4. Arteries
  5. arterioles
  6. Capillaries of tissues and organs around the body
  7. Venules
  8. Veins
  9. Superior vena cava / inferior vena cava
  10. Right atrium
  11. Tricuspid valve
  12. Right ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the flow of blood through the coronary circulations

A
  1. Blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aortic semi lunar valve to the ascending aorta
  2. Blood then into two arteries which are the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
  3. As blood flows the right coronary artery branches are into two different arteries which are the marginal artery and the posterior intraventricular artery
  4. As blood flows the left coronary artery begins to branch off into two different arteries the anterior intraventricular artery and the circumflex artery
  5. The blood flows from posterior intraventricular artery into the myocardium capillaries and then the blood is picked up by the middle cardiac vein. The blood flows from the marginal vein into the myocardium capillaries and then is picked up by the small cardiac vein
  6. Blood flows from the anterior intraventricular artery into the capillaries of the myocardium and then it is picked up by the great cardiac vein. The blood floods from the circumflex artery into the myocardium capillaries and then is picked up by the posterior vein of the left ventricle
  7. All the veins bring the deoxygenated blood to the coronary sinus where it is then dumped in to the right atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the differences between arteries and veins ?

A

Arteries take blood away from the heart veins bring blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe anastomoses ?

A

A connection or opening amongst two things that are normally diverging or branching such as between blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify the differences in thickness heart wall between atrium and ventricles , and right vs left ventricle. Explain the importance of these differences ?

A

The heart wall in the atrium is much thinner than those in the ventricles because the contraction of the atrium doesn’t require nearly as much force as the ventricles

The left ventricle is much thicker than the right because it has to pump blood a much father distance (through the entire body) while the right ventricle only needs to pump blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pericardium ? And what are the layers from most superficial to deepest ?

A

The pericardium is a fluid filled sac that surrounds and protects your heart

The outermost layer is the fibrous pericardium

The inner layer is the serous pericardium which is actually made up of 2 layers
-the parietal layer which is firmly attached too your fibrous pericardium
-visceral layer which is the innermost layer it directly covers your heart

The space between these two layers is called the pericardial cavity which holds pericardial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the sino - atrial node (sa node)

A

The sino - atrial node is a group of specialized cells that sits at the top of top of the right atrium that generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract

The sa node is known as the pacemaker of the heart it generates signals about 60-100 times a minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are autorythmic cells ? What is there function and location ? How do they differ from contractile cells

A

Autorythmic cells are self excitable and are able to generate and action potential without external stimulation by nerve cells

Autorythmic cells serve as a pacemaker to initiate the cardiac cycle and provide a conduction system to coordinate muscle contraction throughout the heart. They are located in the sino-atrial node and the atrium-ventricular node

They differ from contractile cells because they can generate their own action potential . Contractile cells cannot generate there own action potential but cause mechanical contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the papillary muscles function ?

A

To prevent inversion of av valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many pumps is the heart ?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the letter names for ekg waves and what do they mean ?

A

P wave
- atrial depolarization

QRS complex
-Ventricular depolarization

T wave
- Ventricular repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the two heart sounds and what do they mean

A

The first sound “lubb” is the av valves closing

The second sound “dubb” is the semi lunar valves closing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall most superficial to deepest ?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cardiac tamponade ?

A

Compression of the heart caused by fluid collecting in the sac around the heart

17
Q

Describe the cardiac skeleton ?

A

The cardiac skeleton consists of four rings of dense connective tissue that surround the mitral and tricuspid valves and extend to the origins of the aorta and pulmonary trunk

18
Q

What is the difference between diastole and systole ?

A

They are two phases of the cardiac cycle systole occurs when the heart contracts to pump blood out and diastole occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction

19
Q

The contractile cells of the myocardium reach a threshold because of an influx of ?

A

Cations

20
Q

The diacritic both marks the point when the ?

A

Aortic valve closes

21
Q

The stroke volume of the heart is approximately ?

A

80 mL

22
Q

What would be considered a positive inotropic agent ?

A

Digitalis

23
Q

What is the name for an abnormally slow heart rate ?

A

Bradycardia

24
Q

What is the name for an abnormally fast heart rate ?

A

Tachycardia

25
Q

What is the name for a heart attack ?

A

Myocardial infraction

26
Q

What is the name for a heart attack ?

A

Myocardial infraction

27
Q

What does the frank-starling principle state ?

A

There is a direct relationship between the end diastolic volume and the stroke volume

28
Q

What is cardiac output ?

A

It is the volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute

29
Q

What is stroke volume ?

A

The volume of blood ejected every contraction

30
Q

What is end systolic volume ?

A

The amount of blood left in the ventricles at the end of systole

31
Q

What is preload ?

A

The amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

32
Q

What is afterload ?

A

The amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction

33
Q

What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle ?

A

Ventricular filling phase
- the ventricles fill during diastole and atrial systole

Iso-volumetric phase
-The ventricles contract building up pressure ready to pump blood into the aorta/pulmonary trunk

Ventricular ejection phase
-ventricles continue to contract pushing blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Also known as systole

Iso-volumetric relaxation
-the ventricles relax ready to re-fill with blood in the next filling phase

34
Q

What are the different ion channels and there role in cardiac cycle

A

K+ (potassium)
-control of stable resting membrane potential and termination of the action potential

Ca++ (voltage gated calcium channel)
-it allows calcium ions to enter the cell and this influx is crucial for initiating muscle contraction

Na+ (sodium channel)
-allows sodium ions to rush into the cell creating a brief electrical charge called action potential

35
Q

What are the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and how they affect the heart ?

A

The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight of flight respond increasing the heart rate

The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body back to State of calm slowing the heart rate

36
Q

What is pericarditis ?

A

Swelling or irritation of the pericardium

37
Q

What is ischemia ?

A

Less than normal blood flow to a part of your body

38
Q

How long is the cardiac cycle on average ? And how many beats per minute ?

A

800ms (.8 seconds)

75 bpm

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions