exam 2 Flashcards
perceptual constancies mostly achieved by 4 months
size, color, shape
depth perception
motion parallax
1 month
nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than those at a distance
depth perception
retinal disparity
4 months
left and right eyes view slightly different objects. when objects are near, disparity is greater
depth perception
pictorial
7 months
arrangement of objects help understand depth
one type of screen time that is not detrimental to development
facetime
early face perception
newborns
prefer organized, upright face
early face perception
2 months
prefer mother’s face
early face perception
3 months
make distinctions of facial features (bias- prefer faces they are exposed to)
early face perception
6 months
cannot distinguish faces of unfamiliar groups
early face perception
5 months
perceive emotional expressions
attention
the process that allows people to control input from the environment and regulate behavior
3 aspects of attention
orienting network, alerting network, executive network
orienting network
infancy
what stimuli will be processes and which will be ignored
alerting network
infancy
keeps attentional process prepared, ready to detect and respond to incoming stimuli
executive network
most challenging to develop
processes thoughts, feelings, and resolves conflicts that may occur
development is highly influenced by ____
environment
3 symptoms of ADHD
inattention, impulsibity, hyperactivity
lack of stimulation during brain development
stunts the brain, more dendrites will die out if not activated
stress during brain development
too many in adulthood: hypervigilance
too little in adulthood: flat/unemotional
physical development
changes in
-body size
-proportions
-appearance
-functioning of body systems
-perceptual and motor capacities
muscle fibers at birth
most are present
baby fat
end of fetal stage, peak at 9 months, 2 years slim down
develops to prepare the infant to regulate body temperature
precursor to bones
cartilage develops during prenatal development, bones shortly after birth
skeletal age
best estimate of child’s physical maturity
what extent cartilage has hardened into bone
cephalocaudal trend
head develops first, then lower body
proximodistal trend
center of body develops first, then arms/legs, then hands/feet
6-9 years growth
children add 2-3 inches and 5lbs
dental changes
birth
baby has primary teeth hidden under gums
dental changes
5 weeks
first buds of primary teeth appear
dental changes
3 years
child has full set of 20 primary teeth
dental changes
6-12 years
teeth are lost and permanent ones grow in
gross motor development
large muscle groups
fine motor development
small muscle groups
dynamic systems theory
mastery of a skill involves interactions between complex systems: central nervous system, body movement, goals of the child, and environmental support
gross motor skills developed and mastered through ____
everyday play
gross motor skills in middle childhood
- better balance
- more flexible
- increased agility
- increased force
fine motor skills
prereaching
newborn
poorly coordinated swipes
fine motor skills
ulnar grasp
3-4 months
fingers close up against palm
fine motor skills
transferring object from hand to hand
4-5 months
fine motor skills
pincer grasp
9 months
thumb to index finger
fine motor skills
6 years
print alphabet
why do younger children having larger handwriting?
they use their whole arm instead of wrists and fingers
puberty
adolescent growth spurt and sexual maturation
pituary gland
growth hormone, signals to ovaries/testes to release appropriate hormone
sexual maturation
growth of breasts/testes, scrotum
growth spurt
pubic hair
girls menarche
13 years
first period
boys menarche
13 years
first spontaneous ejaculation of fluid
factors that influence timing of period
- genetics
- nutrition, better = later
- social, stress/harsh punishment = early
paternal investment theory
pubertal timing is influenced by the quantity and quality of father-daughter interactions
when do we introduce infants to solid food?
about 6 months
infant calorie intake
50 cals per lb of weight
preschooler calorie intake
40 cals per lb of weight
middle childhood calorie intake
15-20 cals per lb of weight
80% of growth hormone is produced when?
during sleep
sleep and social emotional development
supports behavior and emotional regulartion
sleep and cognitive/language development
when new learning is consolidated
infants sleep
12-16 hours
toddler sleep
11-14 hours
preschooler sleep
10-13 hours
school age sleep
9-12 hours
adolescents sleep
8-10 hours
adulthood sleep
7+ hours
percentage of malnourished children in U.S.
less than 0.04%
eating disorder frequency
more common in girls, 10% of males develop ed
school age children obesity percentage
35%
leading cause of death in U.S. (1-44 yrs)
car accidents
assimilation
new experiences can be incorporated into the child’s existing theories
accommodation
theories are modified based on this new experience
freud’s view of children
children are active learners
vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
learning through social experiences, growth is stimulated by more experienced members of society, takes culture into account
guided participated
process by which children learn from expert others who guide their experiences
(broader than scaffolding)
zone of proximal development
area between a child’s level of independent performance and assisted performance
scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to an individual’s needs and abilities, and helping them gain skills needed to master the next task and learn; sensitive structure of the learning experience; adjusting support offered to fit child’s current level of performance
information process theory
assumes we hold information in three parts
sensory register
represents sights and sounds and stores them briefly
short term memory
holds limited amount of information that is worked on to facilitate memory and problem solving
long term memory
stores information permanently
central executive
conscious part of the mind, coordinates incoming information with information in the system, controls attention
executive functioning
diverse cognitive operations and strategies that enable us to achieve our goal in cognitively challenging situations
important aspects of EF (3)
attention, memory, categorization
categorization
grouping similar objects and events into a single representation
recognition
noticing when stimuli is identical or similar to previous stimuli
recall
remembering something that isn’t present
when are infants capable of recall?
abt 6 months
implicit memory
information that has been stored unconsciously or effortlessly
explicit memory
information that has been stored consciously with effort
pre-reading
knowing letters and sounds associated with them
word recognition
indentifying words
comprehension
extracting meaning from text
cardinality
when counting the last number represents the total number in that set
infants and numbers
approximate sense
2 year olds and numbers
most children can count
3 year olds and numbers
most children have mastered the one to one correspondence, stable-order cardinality principle
when does IQ become more stable?
abt 6 years
sternberg’s triarchic theory of successful intelligence
intelligence is not just composed of analytical skills, but of creative and practical skills
analytical intelligece
information processing skills
creative intelligence
evidenced by imaginary endeavors and capacity to solve novel problems
practical intelligence
application of intellectual skills in everyday situations
gardner’s multiple intelligences
dismisses the idea of general intelligence and instead proposes the existence of at least 8 independent intelligences
frontal cortex
personality and ability to make and carry out plans
regional specialization
brain areas specialized for certain tasks
brain stem
region that controls automatic responses
cortex
6 outer layers of the brain
lateralization
specialization of right and left hemispheres
brain plasticity
indication that many areas of the brain are not yet committed to specific functions, allowing the child a high capacity for learning
prefrontal cortex
controls consciousness, executive process (inhibition of impuleses, integration of information, memory, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving strategies)
experience expectant growth
depends on ordinary infant experiences that support typical growth and functioning of brain structures
experience dependent growth
depends on specific learning experiences that support additional growth and refinement of specific brain structures
are newborns able to smell?
react positively to pleasant smells, react negatively to unpleasant smells, recognize familiar smells
habituation
preferring novel stimuli over familiar stimulation
are newborns able to taste?
differentiate salty, sour, bitter, and sweet
are newborns able to feel?
highly sensitive to touch
can newborns hear?
higher auditory threshold
4-5 month hearing
attend to voices, recognize name
6-7 month hearing
“screen out” sounds from non-native language
7-8 month hearing
distinguish musical tones
8-9 month hearing
divide speech stream into word-like units
10 month hearing
start to detect words
newborn sight
respond to light and track moving objects
2-4 month sight
focus, full range of color
6-7 month sight
depth perception
12 month sight
adult sight
intersensory redundancy theory
suggests that infants perceptual system is attuned to information that presents multiple sensory modes
