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chem final exam > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A patient has a synovial fluid removed from their knee joint. The test results included a cell count with differential. The WBC count was 65,000 with 93% neutrophils. What is the most likely cause?

Septic
Inflammatory
Crystal induced
Hemorrhagic

A

Septic

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2
Q

A patient has CSF chemistries and microbiology samples performed. Chemistries yield a very low glucose value but no growth is reported in micro cultures. What is a possible pathology to explain these results? It is to be noted that the CSF had a clear, colorless appearance.

Diabetic ketoacidosis
Brain tumor
Head trauma
Blood/brain compromisation

A

Brain tumor

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3
Q

Which is not a common test to perform on a CSF sample?

Glucose
Uric acid
Protein
Lactate

A

Uric acid

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4
Q

Increased CSF glucose levels can indicate acute bacterial meningitis.

True
False

A

False

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5
Q

Which would typically not be a cause of an exudative pleural effusion?

Pulmonary abscess
Lymphoma
Bacterial pneumonia
Hepatic cirrhosis

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

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6
Q

The unique structure of hemoglobin allows it to act as both an acid-base buffer and O2 buffer.

True
False

A

True

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7
Q

Match the term with the definition.

Glycogenolysis Formation of glucose of-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

Glycogenesis Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Gluconeogenesis Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

Glycolysis Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenolysis - Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glycogenesis - Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Gluconeogenesis - Formation of glucose of-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
Glycolysis - Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

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8
Q

Which parameter on a blood gas analysis is calculated instead of being directly measured.

pH
HCO3
pO2
pCO2

A

HCO3

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9
Q

The best collection tube to use for glucose tolerance testing is:

Gold top/serum
Green top/lithium heparin
Lavender top/EDTA
Grey top/NaF

A

Grey top/NaF

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10
Q

What is the incremental fraction of oxygen at sea level?

21%
10%
79%
100%

A

21%

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11
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.53 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 37 (35-45)
HCO3= 33 (22-29)

Metabolic acidosis with partial compensation
Metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
Respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation
Metabolic alkalosis with full compensation

A

Metabolic alkalosis with no compensation

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12
Q

In external respiration, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar membrane is __________, while the partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood is _________.

40 mmHg, 100 mmHg
100 mmHg, 40 mmHg
45 mmHg, 40 mmHg
159 mmHg, 45 mmHg

A

100 mmHg, 40 mmHg

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13
Q

The following illustration of spinal fluid is representative of two distinct circumstances. Identify the proper circumstances leading to the appearance of both example C and example D. (C has 3 equally turbid samples. D has 3 samples of successive less blood)

C. previous cerebrovascualar hemorrhage
D. traumatic Tap

C. bacterial infection
D. cerebrovascualar hemorrhage

C. normal spinal fluid
D. cerebrovascualar hemorrhage

C. traumatic tap
D. cerebrovascualar hemorrhage

A

C. previous cerebrovascualar hemorrhage
D. traumatic Tap

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14
Q

A decrease in H+ ions, an increase in pH, and a decrease in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?

Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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15
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.28 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 55 (35-45)
HCO3= 25 (22-29)

Respiratory acidosis with no compensation
Respiratory acidosis with full compensation
Metabolic acidosis with no compensation
Metabolic acidosis with full compensation

A

Respiratory acidosis with no compensation

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16
Q

A patient with an HA1C of 12% would be most likely to have an estimated average glucose of:

97 md/dL
140 mg/dL
212 mg/dL
298 mg/dL

A

298 mg/dL

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17
Q

A patient with a fasting glucose of 122 mg/dL would be considered to have a:

Normal fasting glucose
Impaired fasting glucose
Preliminary diabetes diagnosis

A

Impaired fasting glucose

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18
Q

This type of diabetes is noted to have insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect due to progressive loss of adequate beta cell insulin secretion.

Type 1a
Type 1b
Type 2
Gestational

A

Type 2

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19
Q

An increase in H+ ions, a decrease in pH, and an increase in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?

Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Respiratory acidosis

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20
Q

As a CSF is collected, it is placed in a series of tubes for analysis. The correct order of testing should be:

Chemistry, Hematology, Microbiology
Cytology, Hematology, Microbiology
Chemistry, Microbiology, Hematology
Hematology, Microbiology, Cytology

A

Chemistry, Microbiology, Hematology

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21
Q

Which is not stimulated by epinephrine?

Insulin
Glucagon
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

22
Q

Match the type of pancreatic cell with what it produces.

Alpha cell Insulin
Beta cells Somatostatin
Delta cells Glucagon

A

Alpha cell Glucagon
Beta cells Insulin
Delta cells Somatostatin

23
Q

Diabetic condition formed when a person’s own immune system destroys the islet cells of the pancreas, resulting in impaired production of insulin.

Type I diabetes
Type II diabetes
Gestational diabetes

A

Type I diabetes

24
Q

It is recommended that all adults have a lipid profile performed every _____.

6 months
2 years
5 years
10 years

25
Q

Women, on average, have higher HDL levels and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels than men.

True
False

26
Q

HDL has a major role in this type of lipid pathway

Absorption pathway
Exogenous pathway
Endogenous pathway
Reverse cholesterol pathway

A

Reverse cholesterol pathway

27
Q

Which is the type of lipoprotein that contains the apolipoprotein Apo B48?

HDL
Chylomicrons
LDL
Lp(a)

A

Chylomicrons

28
Q

Amphipathic lipid molecules contain both hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophobic head groups.

True
False

29
Q

Calculate the LDL from the following test results.
Total cholesterol: 223 mg/dL
HDL: 65 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 290 mg/dL

58
110
100
Unable to calculate

30
Q

The function of the major lipid components of the very-low density lipoproteins is to transport:

Cholesterol from the peripheral cells
Cholesterol and phospholipids to peripheral cells
Exogenous triglycerides
Endogenous triglycerides

A

Endogenous triglycerides

31
Q

Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of:

Total protein
Albumin
Cholesterol
Chylomicrons

A

Chylomicrons

32
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules

Calcium Reabsorbed under influence of PTH
Bicarbonate Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop
Chloride Recovered from glomerular filtrate
Magnesium Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule

A

Calcium Reabsorbed under influence of PTH
Bicarbonate Recovered from glomerular filtrate
Chloride Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
Magnesium Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

33
Q

A rare disease of water and salt imbalance.

Diabetes type 1
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes type 2
Diabetes- gestational

A

Diabetes insipidus

34
Q

Of the total serum osmolality; sodium, chloride, and bicarb normally contribute what percent?

92
8
45
72

35
Q

Match the ions to their charges.

Anions
Cations

A

Anions Negative
Cations Positive

36
Q

What is the type of lipoprotein that is known to contribute to plaque formation.

LDL
VLDL
HDL
Triglycerides

37
Q

A patient presents to the ER with flushed skin, severe agitation, low-grade fever, and complaints of being extremely thirsty. Given these symptoms, what pathology would you consider?

Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia

A

Hypernatremia

38
Q

Which of the following is not associated with an increase in anion gap when it occurs in a single patient?

Renal failure
Ketoacidosis
Glycol poisoning
Instrument error

A

Instrument error

39
Q

Causes of increased levels of protein in CSF include all but:

Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma
Lysis of contaminant blood from traumatic tap
Increased permeability of the epithelial membrane
Obstruction

A

Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma

40
Q

In order to maintain electrical neutrality in the red blood cell, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with what electrolyte?

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Phosphate

41
Q

Of total serum calcium, free ionized calcium normally represents approximately what percent?

10
45
60
90

42
Q

The presence of only slightly visible hemolysis will significantly increase the serum level of which of the following analytes?

Bicarbonate
Chloride
Potassium
Sodium

43
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

Chlorider
Potassium
Sodium
Bicarbonate

44
Q

What is the major extracellular cation?

Potassium
Chloride
Sodium
Bicarb

45
Q

Calculate the anion gap using the following lab data.

Na: 135
K: 4.0
Cl: 94
HCO3: 28

17
19
45
12

46
Q

Unsaturated triglycerides are typically solid at room temperature.

True
False

47
Q

The cation is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and second most abundant intracellularly. Hint: Consumption of processed foods can lead to inadequate intake and subsequent deficiency.

Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Sodium

48
Q

Given the following results, calculate the plasma osmolality:
Sodium: 135
Glucose: 96
BUN: 22

264
282
296
254

49
Q

Water makes up what percentage of body weight?

40-75%
5-10%
85-95%
20-40%

50
Q

Which phrase does not describe phospholipids.

Hydrophobic head group
Synthesized in all organs
Amphipathic
Unsaturated steroid alcohol

A

Unsaturated steroid alcohol
OR
Hydrophobic head group

(this question was tossed)

51
Q

Electrolyte essential for myocardial contraction and important to maintain normal levels for critically ill patients.

Chloride
Calcium
Sodium
Zinc

52
Q

Calculate the osmol gap given the following information:
Sodium: 140
Glucose: 62
BUN: 35
Measured osmo: 300

25
20
9
5

chem final exam (12 decks)

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