exam 1 Flashcards by Doug Thompson

Match the type of CK isoenzyme with its specificity.

Cardiac CK-BB
Muscle CK-MB
Brain CK-MM

Cardiac CK-MB
Muscle CK-MM
Brain CK-BB

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Amylase is more specific to pancreatitis than lipase.

True
False

False

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This test has greater specificity to liver damage.

AST
ALP
Acid phosphatase
ALT

ALT

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In many reactions, we are looking at the reaction of the cofactor NADH to NAD to determine the value of the enzyme.

True
False

True

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This enzyme has a short half-life and is found in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney.

ALT
AST
GGT
CK

AST

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The hook effect refers to high concentrations of analyte producing a lower signal than expected.

True
False

True

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Match the type of inhibitor with the description.

These associate with enzymes at places other than the active site.
These share structural features found in the substrate.
These bind only to the ES complex.

Non-competitive
Competitive
Uncompetitive

These associate with enzymes at places other than the active site.
Non-competitive

These share structural features found in the substrate.
Competitive

These bind only to the ES complex.
Uncompetitive

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In this state, not all enzyme sites are saturated with substrate and substrate concentration is the rate-limiting step.

First-order kinetics
Zero-order kinetics
Post-zone phenomenon
Last-order kinetics

First-order kinetics

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What is a zymogen?

The protein portion of an enzyme
An inactive, secreted form of the enzyme
A cavity other than the active site
The complete, active enzyme complex

An inactive, secreted form of the enzyme

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The following statement could be used to describe zero-order kinetics:

Substrate is present in excess, rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on the concentration of enzyme in the system.

True
False

True

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When measuring enzyme activity, if the instrument is operating at 50 C lower than the temperature prescribed for the method, how would the results be affected?

Lower than expected
Higher than expected
Varied, showing no pattern in results
all would be clinically abnormal

Lower than expected

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What does an increase in serum enzyme levels indicate?

Decreased enzyme catabolism
Accelerated enzyme production
Tissue damage and necrosis
Increased glomerular filtration rate

Tissue damage and necrosis

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Pathological condition in which the proximal tubules in the kidneys do not reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acids, and bicarbonates resulting in their loss to the urine concentrate.

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Gout
Congestive heart failure
Fanconi Syndrome

Fanconi Syndrome

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This test can be used to monitor alcoholics with liver toxicity

AST
ALT
GGT
ALP

GGT

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Which of the following serves as the glomerular filtration rate for clinicians?

Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Ammonia

Creatinine

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Plasma creatinine levels are determined by all of the following except:

Relative muscle mass
Rate of creatine turnover
Renal function
Dietary intake of protein

Dietary intake of protein

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A 56 year old male with gout is given allopurinol then returns to the ER a week later with a uric acid level of 8.6 mg/dL (2.4-7.0 mg/dL). What statement best describes the reason for the uric acid level?

The patient overdosed on allopurinol
Allopurinol returned uric acid levels to normal
The patient did not take prescribed medication

The patient did not take prescribed medication

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What is an energy source utilized by muscles?

Creatinine
Creatine phosphate
Myoglobin
Nitrogen

Creatine phosphate

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This non-protein nitrogen compound is found in the highest concentration in the blood.

Ammonia
Uric acid
Creatinine
Urea nitrogen

Urea nitrogen

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Which is not a clinical application of measurement of urea.

Assess hydration status
Evaluate liver function
Verify adequacy of dialysis
determine nitrogen balance

Evaluate liver function

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Match the BUN:Creatinine ratio with the correct location of azotemia.

23 Intrarenal
11 Prerenal
8 Postrenal

23 Prerenal
11 Postrenal
8 Intrarenal

Which is not a likely cause of decreased BUN.

High protein dietary intake
Liver disease
Severe vomiting
Increased protein synthesis

High protein dietary intake

The most frequently used analytic method for creatinine testing is the:

Enzymatic method
Kinetic Jaffe reaction
Jaffe reaction
Hexokinase

Jaffe reaction

Which test has the most strict collection requirements that include transporting the specimen on ice and testing immediately.

Ammonia
BUN
Uric acid
Creatinine Clearance

Ammonia

This disease is commonly seen in children who have been given aspirin during a viral infection. Fanconi's syndrome Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Reye's syndrome Gout

Reye's syndrome

Given the following information, calculate the creatinine clearance: Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL Plasma creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL Urine volume for 12hours: 600 mL Patient BSA: 2.13 27.2 53.8 58.3 81.7

53.8

Calculate the A/G ratio with a total protein of 7.7 g/dL and an albumin of 4.7 g/dL. 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.8

1.6

Match the description with the disease state. Severe protein deficiency Marasmus Severe protein and calorie deficiency Kwashiokor

Severe protein deficiency Kwashiokor Severe protein and calorie deficiency Marasmus

Which is a negative acute phase reactant? Alpha-1 antitrypsin Transferrin Alpha-2 macroglobulin Haptoglobin

Transferrin

This protein is known for being a nephrotoxin. Myoglobin Transferrin Haptoglobin C- reactive protein

Myoglobin

This test may be used to assess nutritional status. CRP Alpha-1 antitrypsin Haptoglobin Prealbumin

Prealbumin

Proteins with 10-40% carbohydrates attached are Glycoproteins Lipoproteins Mucoproteins Enzymes

Glycoproteins

Proteins consist of the elements: Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen All of these None of these

All of these

In the stomach ______ breaks down proteins into peptides. Papain Pepsin Sodium chloride Pepsid

Pepsin

When a protein is disturbed and loses its functional and chemical characteristics, it is called: Multimer Depeptidation Denaturation Amphoteric

Denaturation

The most common secondary structure of a protein is: Gamma helix Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet Alpha pleated sheet

Alpha helix

Essential amino acids: Must be obtained through diet are synthesized by the body

Must be obtained through diet

In cerebral spinal fluid, ______% of protein comes from plasma, while ______% comes from the brain. 80%, 20% 90%, 10% 5%, 95% 95%, 5%

95%, 5%

Which protein has a function to maintain oncotic pressure? Albumin Prealbumin Alpha-1 antitrypsin Alpha-2 macroglobulin

Albumin

When proteins have a more positive charge they are more easily dissolved. True False

True

Which is not true of amino acid analysis? Collect sample in a heparin tube Blood samples should be drawn after a 2-3 hour fast Analysis should be performed immediately or sample frozen Plasma should be removed carefully to avoid platelets and white blood cells

Blood samples should be drawn after a 2-3 hour fast

This type of analytical method measures the amount of light that can pass through a sample at a 180 degree angle from the incident light. Fluorometry Chemiluminescence Turbidimetry Nephelometry

Turbidimetry

Stray light refers to any wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator. True False

True

Dynodes are a series of anodes with successively higher voltages. True False

True

An advantage of a photocell over a phototube is that a photocell has an external power source and is more sensitive with lower amounts of light. True False

False

Calculate % transmittance through a tube containing 5 layers of solution with an absorbance of 20%. 33 % 4% 51% 0.3%

33 %

Beer's Law is: The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light transmitted or inversely proportional to the logarithm of the absorbed light, The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light, The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to both the amount of light transmitted to the logarithm of the absorbed light,

The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light,

Place in the correct order. Light gets converted to: volts amps absorbance electrons

electrons amps volts absorbance

This type of lamp is used in visible and infrared regions and is the most common type: Mercury vapor Hydrogen Deuterium Tungsten

Tungsten

Visible light falls between the color ______ at 400 nm and _____ at 700 nm. red, violet green, red violet, red violet, orange

violet, red

Which is the order that you would expect to see in LD isoenzymes in a patient who has had a heart attack. LD1>LD2>LD3>LD4>LD5 LD2>LD1>LD3>LD4>LD5 LD5>LD4>LD3>LD2>LD1 LD1>LD3>LD2>LD4>LD5

LD1>LD2>LD3>LD4>LD5