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Biochemistry > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant biological molecules

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

the building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates

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3
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers of monosaccharides

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4
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

CnH2nOn
n varies from 3 to 8

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5
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by their

A

number of carbon atoms

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6
Q

The letters ose designate a

A

sugar

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7
Q

two classifications of monosaccharides

A

aldose
ketose

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8
Q

Aldose

A

a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group

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9
Q

ketose

A

a monosaccharide containing a ketone group

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10
Q

carbons in an aldose are numbered using the carbonyl carbon as

A

carbon 1

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11
Q

carbons in a ketose are numbered using the carbonyl carbon as

A

carbon 2

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12
Q

Chiral carbon

A

a carbon that has four different groups attached to it

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13
Q

Chirality is used to assign monosaccharides into the

A

D-configuration or L-configuration

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14
Q

mammalian amino acids are

A

L-configuration

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15
Q

Dextrorotary

A

d-configuration
right or clockwise

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16
Q

Levorotary

A

L- configuration
left or counter clockwise

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17
Q

D-monosaccharide

A

a monosaccharide that has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the right

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18
Q

L-monosaccharide

A

a monosaccharide that has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the left

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19
Q

Dextrose

A

old name for D-glucose

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20
Q

D and L configurations are

A

enantiomers
mirror images

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21
Q

Diastereomers

A

monosaccharides that have the same number of carbons, and have a different stereoisomeric configurations but that are NOT mirror images of each other

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22
Q

Epimers

A

differ in configuration at one asymmetric chiral carbon
subset of diastereomers

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23
Q

Triose

A

sugar with 3 carbons

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24
Q

Tetroses

A

sugar with 4 carbons

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25
Q

pentoses

A

sugar with 5 carbons

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26
Q

hexoses

A

sugar with 6 carbons

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27
Q

aldohexose

A

glucose

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28
Q

fructose

A

ketohexose

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29
Q

galactose

A

aldohexose

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30
Q

ribose

A

aldopentose

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31
Q

The alcohol on carbon 5 can react with the aldehyde on carbon one or the ketone on carbon two to form a

A

hemiacetal or hemiketal respectively

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32
Q

ring structure of a monosaccharide

A

Haworth projection

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33
Q

In the cyclization of glucose the carbonyl carbon becomes

A

the anomeric carbon
the C attached to two O atoms by single bond

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34
Q

In a Haworth projection the hydroxyl on the anomeric carbon can exist pointing

A

upwards (beta conformation)
or down (alpha conformation)

35
Q

Mutarotation

A

the spontaneous interconversion between alpha and beta conformations of a monosaccharide

36
Q

Replacement of the hydrogen on the hydroxyl of an anomeric carbon by any other atom creates a

37
Q

glycosidic bond

A

the bond between the other atom and the hydroxyl of a glycoside

38
Q

Multiple monosaccharides can be joined together via glycosidic bonds to form a

A

bio-polymer

39
Q

Once a glycosidic bond is formed

A

it is locked and cannot mutarotation

40
Q

Lactose

A

galactose and glucose

41
Q

Sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

42
Q

starches

A

amylose and amylopectin

43
Q

amylose has what kind of linkage

A

alpha 1-4 linkages

44
Q

cellulose has what kind of linkage

A

beta 1-4 cannot be digested by humans

45
Q

glycogen and amylopectin have what type of structure

A

main chain bonds with 1-4 linkages, branches with 1-6 linkages

46
Q

Amino sugars

A

one or more -OH are replaced by an amino group, -NH2

47
Q

peptidoglycan

A

polysaccharides that crosslinks
found in bacterial c

48
Q

How penicillin works

A

looks the part of the peptidoglycan and is an irreversible inhibitor of an enzyme involved in making the cell wall

49
Q

Glycoproteins

A

carbohydrate units covalently bonded to a polypeptide chain

50
Q

A and B blood have

A

different sugars attached to glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells

51
Q

Two pieces of metabolism

A

catabolism
anabolism

52
Q

catabolism

A

oxidative process, releases energy

53
Q

Anabolism

A

reductive process, requires reducing agents and other sources of energy, especially ATP

54
Q

Starchy foods are hydrolyzed by

55
Q

spontaneous reactions

A

energetically favorable
not requiring energy to occur

56
Q

Nonspontaneous reactions

A

those which require energy input to occur

57
Q

How do we know which direction a reaction will occur

A

the standard free energy change for reaction
G degree

58
Q

G indicates the

A

spontaneity of a reaction

59
Q

G<0

A

reaction is Exergonic
energy-releasing and spontaneous

60
Q

G>0

A

Endergonic, which means it required energy input and is nonspontaneous

61
Q

G=0

A

reaction is at equilibrium
does not mean equal amounts

62
Q

In order to be cells they must perform lots of ___ reactions

A

endergonic

63
Q

How does the cell come up with the energy to do all of the endergonic reactions it needs to

A

coupled reactions

64
Q

important features of metabolism

A
  1. metabolic pathways are all connected
  2. pathway activity is regulated
  3. not every cell carries out every pathway
  4. each cell has a unique metabolic repertoire
  5. organisms may be metabolically interdependent
65
Q

Glucose units are freed by glycogen breakdown via

A

phosphorolysis
glucose that does not become glycogen can be catabolized to two-carbon acetyl units and converted into fatty acids for storage as triaclyglyerols

66
Q

What two tissues would you expect to find lots of glycogen

A

liver and muscle

67
Q

Pyruvate, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and acetyl-CoA are major

A

intermediates for several pathways

68
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons
donates them

69
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons
recieves them

70
Q

You cannot have oxidation without

71
Q

Redox states of carbon ranked from highest to lowest

A

lipids
carbs and proteins
CO2- waste

72
Q

oxidation of glucose

A

overall- electrons are lost from glucose and oxygen gains electrons
but this is not a direct transfer of electrons
there are intermediate electron carriers involved
NADH and FADH2

73
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a

A

two electron acceptor and is reduced to NADH
these electrons can then be donated to pathways that produce ATP

74
Q

ATP is commonly called

A

the energy currency of the cell

75
Q

Why does ATP hydrolysis release so much energy

A

ATP hydrolysis products are more stable than reactants- highly exergonic

76
Q

Molecules that can serve as energy currency in the cell

A

ATP
Phosphocreatine
1,3-biphosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate
glucose-1-phosphate
glucose-6-phosphate

77
Q

activation

A

the formation of a more reactive substance, a higher energy substance
causes the next reaction to be exergonic

78
Q

Other ways for the cell to harvest energy

A

cofactors
electrochemical gradient
light-excited molecules

79
Q

Regulation occurs at

A

steps with the largest free energy changes

80
Q

Goals of glycolysis

A
  1. formation of high-energy molecules (ATP and NADH) as cellular energy sources
  2. the production of pyruvate for many additional ATP and NADH produced by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
  3. production of six and three carbon intermediate compounds that can be used for other cellular purposes
81
Q

Each step in glucose metabolism is catalyzed by

A

a distinct enzyme

82
Q

the rate of pathway can be controlled by

A

altering the activity of individual enzymes

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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