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Biochemistry > Chapter 19 Regulation of Mammalian Fuel Metabolism and signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Regulation of Mammalian Fuel Metabolism and signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Following a meal, the liver takes up _______ and converts it into _______

A

glucose
glycogen for storage

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2
Q

Muscle cells take up glucose when

A

it is available and store it as glycogen

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3
Q

Excess glucose and amino acids are catabolized to

A

acetyl-CoA

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4
Q

Acetyl-CoA is used to synthesize

A

fatty acids

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5
Q

Fatty acids are esterified to ______ and are exported to ______

A

triacylglycerol
adipose tissue

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6
Q

During a fast, the liver

A

mobilizes glucose from glycogen stores and releases it into the circulation for other tissue to use

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7
Q

What organ deals with lactate and alanine produced by muscle activity

A

liver
converts into glucose and disposes of Amino groups through urea synthesis

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8
Q

In a shortage of glycogen, triacylglycerols are broken down into

A

acetyl-CoA
converted into ketone bodies to power brain and heart

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9
Q

The cori cycle involves what two organs

A

liver and muscle

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10
Q

What does the cori cycle do

A

transfers free energy from the liver to the muscles

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11
Q

The glucose-alanine cycle includes what two organs

A

liver and muscle

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12
Q

Role of the glucose-alanine cycle

A

transport nitrogen from muscles to the liver

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13
Q

The human body buffers itself against fluctuations in fuel supply by

A

storing metabolic fuels, mobilizing as needed and replenishing them after a meal

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14
Q

The activities of organs that store and release fuels are coordinated by

A

hormones

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15
Q

The most important hormone involved in fuel metabolism are

A

insulin
glucagon
catecholamines-epinephrine and norepinephrine

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16
Q

Insulin’s role

A

regulating fuel metabolism by stimulating glucose uptake and inhibiting glycogen breakdown

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17
Q

lack of insulin or inability to respond to it results in

A

diabetes mellitus

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18
Q

increase in circulating glucose triggers

A

insulin release

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19
Q

Effect of insulin on muscle and other tissues

A

promotes glucose transport into the cell

stimulates glycogen synthesis

suppresses glycogen breakdown

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20
Q

Effect of insulin on adipose tissue

A

activates extracellular lipoprotein lipase

increases level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase

stimulates triacylglycerol synthesis

suppresses gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

Effect of insulin on the liver

A

promotes glycogen synthesis

promotes triacylglycerol synthesis

suppresses gluconeogenesis

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22
Q

In short insulin signals

A

uptake of glucose and storage of glucose and fats

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23
Q

Insulin is synthesized in the

A

beta cells of pancreatic islets

24
Q

The rate of glucose transport into cell increases, not because insulin alters the intrinsic catalytic activity of the transporter but because

A

insulin increases the number of transporters (GLUT4) at the cell surface

25
Q

Kinases transfer a

A

phosphoryl group from ATP to another molecule

26
Q

How do the two tyrosine kinase domains of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase get phosphorylated

A

they phosphorylate each other using ATP as the source of phosphoryl groups

27
Q

the insulin signaling pathway alters the activity of glycogen ____ and glycogen _____

A

synthase
phosphorylase

28
Q

synthesis carried out by glycogen synthase
UDP-glucose + glycogen (n residues) ->

A

UDP + glycogen (n+1 residues)

29
Q

glycogen phosphorylase
glycogen (n residues) + Pi ->

A

glycogen (n-1 residues) + glucose-1-phosphate

30
Q

mTOR is activated by

A

insulin

31
Q

affects of mTOR being activated

A

ribosome production
protein synthesis
nucleotide synthesis
lipid synthesis
glycolysis

reduced autophagy
reduced proteasome assembly

32
Q

When the liver must mobilize glucose in order to keep blood glucose concentrations constant what hormones govern this

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Glucagon

33
Q

G protein coupled receptors bind

A

guanine nucleotides
GTP and GDP

34
Q

Antagonist of adenosine receptor

A

natural adenosine
caffeine also antagonizes

35
Q

What is the second messenger of G protein coupled receptors

A

cyclic AMP

36
Q

What enzyme is used to turn ATP into cyclic AMP

A

adenylate cyclase

37
Q

AMP dependent protein kinase (AMPK) is activated by

A

cAMP

38
Q

AMPK in the hypothalamus does what

A

increases food intake

39
Q

AMPK in the liver does what

A

increases glycolysis

increases FA oxidation

decreases glycogen synthesis

decreases gluconeogenesis

40
Q

What turns off cAMP-dependent signaling

A

phosphodiesterase

41
Q

how does phosphodiesterase turn off cAMP-dependent signaling

A

hydrolyzing cAMP to AMP

42
Q

Brown adipose is full of

A

mitochondria for generating heat especially in newborns and hibernating animals

43
Q

The aldose reductase reaction does what

A

turns glucose into sorbitol

44
Q

During fuel abundance, excess ____ is (are) catabolized to acetyl-CoA, which is used in fatty acid synthesis

A

glucose and amino acids

45
Q

insulin is released from pancreatic __ cells in response to ____ blood glucose

A

beta
high

46
Q

Which enzyme is the better sensor of glucose concentration

A

glucokinase

47
Q

The initial effect of insulin binding on muscle cells is the translocation of

A

GLUT4

48
Q

The reaction of adenylate cyclase produces the molecule

A

cAMP

49
Q

Which organ has the capacity to generate glucose through gluconeogenesis

A

liver
kidneys

50
Q

The cori cycle functions to synthesize

A

glucose in the liver to replenish glucoses in the muscle

51
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase is allosterically ____ by ATP

A

inhibited

52
Q

The hormone _____ stimulates liver to generate glucose by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon

53
Q

The hormone ___ stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes

A

glucagon

54
Q

The hormone ____ stimulates muscle to generate glucose by glycogenolysis

A

epinephrine

55
Q

The G protein that responds to epinephrine binding to the beta 2-adrenergic receptor

A

mediates the activation of second messenger production

56
Q

Insulin receptor can ______ and is a _____

A

auto phosphorylate

tyrosine kinase

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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