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Chem 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A patient has a synovial fluid removed from their knee joint. The test results included a cell count with differential. The WBC count was 65,000 with 93% neutrophils. What is the most likely cause?

-Septic
-Inflammatory
-Crystal induced
-Hemorrhagic

A

Septic

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2
Q

A patient has CSF chemistries and microbiology samples performed. Chemistries yield a very low glucose value but no growth is reported in micro cultures. What is a possible pathology to explain these results? It is to be noted that the CSF had a clear, colorless appearance.

-Diabetic ketoacidosis
-Brain tumor
-Head trauma
-Blood/brain compromisation

A

Brain tumor

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3
Q

Which is not a common test to perform on a CSF sample?

-Glucose
-Uric acid
-Protein
-Lactate

A

Uric acid

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4
Q

Increased CSF glucose levels can indicate acute bacterial meningitis.

True
False

A

False

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5
Q

Which would typically not be a cause of an exudative pleural effusion?

-Pulmonary abscess
-Lymphoma
-Bacterial pneumonia
-Hepatic cirrhosis

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

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6
Q

The unique structure of hemoglobin allows it to act as both an acid-base buffer and O2 buffer.

True
False

A

True

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7
Q

Match the term with the definition:
Glycogenolysis

-Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
-Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
-Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
-Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

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8
Q

Match the term with the definition:
Glycogenesis

-Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
-Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
-Formation of glucose of-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
-Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

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9
Q

Match the term with the definition:
Gluconeogenesis

-Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
-Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
-Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
-Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

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10
Q

Match the term with the definition:
Glycolysis

-Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
-Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
-Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
-Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

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11
Q

Which parameter on a blood gas analysis is calculated instead of being directly measured?

-pH
-HCO3
-pO2
-pCO2

A

HCO3

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12
Q

The best collection tube to use for glucose tolerance testing is:

-Gold top/serum
-Green top/lithium heparin
-Lavender top/EDTA
-Grey top/NaF

A

Grey top/NaF

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13
Q

What is the incremental fraction of oxygen at sea level?

21%
10%
79%
100%

A

21%

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14
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.53 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 37 (35-45)
HCO3= 33 (22-29)

-Metabolic acidosis with partial compensation
-Metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
-Respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation
-Metabolic alkalosis with full compensation

A

Metabolic alkalosis with no compensation

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15
Q

In external respiration, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar membrane is __________, while the partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood is _________.

-40 mmHg, 100 mmHg
-100 mmHg, 40 mmHg
-45 mmHg, 40 mmHg
-159 mmHg, 45 mmHg

A

100 mmHg, 40 mmHg

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16
Q

The following illustration of spinal fluid is representative of two distinct circumstances. Identify the proper circumstances leading to the appearance of both example C and example D.

[Image descriptions:
Example C: Tubes labeled 1, 2, 3 all filled with yellow fluid.

Example D: Tubes labeled 1, 2, 3. Tube 1 is filled with red fluid, Tube 2 is filled with pink fluid, and Tube 3 is filled with clear fluid. They are arranged from darkest to lightest.]

C. previous cerebrovascualar hemorrhage
D. traumatic Tap

C. bacterial infection
D. cerebrovascualar hemorrhage

C. normal spinal fluid
D. cerebrovascualar hemorrhage

C. traumatic tap
D. cerebrovascualar hemorrhage

A

C. previous cerebrovascualar hemorrhage
D. traumatic Tap

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17
Q

A decrease in H+ ions, an increase in pH, and a decrease in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?

-Metabolic acidosis
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Respiratory acidosis
-Respiratory alkalosis

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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18
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.28 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 55 (35-45)
HCO3= 25 (22-29)

-Respiratory acidosis with no compensation
-Respiratory acidosis with full compensation
-Metabolic acidosis with no compensation
-Metabolic acidosis with full compensation

A

Respiratory acidosis with no compensation

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19
Q

A patient with an HA1C of 12% would be most likely to have an estimated average glucose of:

-97 mg/dL
-140 mg/dL
-212 mg/dL
-298 mg/dL

A

298 mg/dL

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20
Q

A patient with a fasting glucose of 122 mg/dL would be considered to have a:

-Normal fasting glucose
-Impaired fasting glucose
-Preliminary diabetes diagnosis

A

Impaired fasting glucose

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21
Q

This type of diabetes is noted to have insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect due to progressive loss of adequate beta cell insulin secretion.

-Type 1a
-Type 1b
-Type 2
-Gestational

A

Type 2

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22
Q

An increase in H+ ions, a decrease in pH, and an increase in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?

-Metabolic acidosis
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Respiratory acidosis
-Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Respiratory acidosis

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23
Q

As a CSF is collected, it is placed in a series of tubes for analysis. The correct order of testing should be:

-Chemistry, Hematology, Microbiology
-Cytology, Hematology, Microbiology
-Chemistry, Microbiology, Hematology
-Hematology, Microbiology, Cytology

A

Chemistry, Microbiology, Hematology

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24
Q

Which is not stimulated by epinephrine?

-Insulin
-Glucagon
-Glycogenolysis
-Gluconeogenesis

A

Insulin

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25
Q

Match the type of pancreatic cell with what it produces:
Alpha cell

-Glucagon
-Insulin
-Somatostatin

A

Glucagon

26
Q

Match the type of pancreatic cell with what it produces:
Beta cells

-Glucagon
-Insulin
-Somatostatin

A

Insulin

27
Q

Match the type of pancreatic cell with what it produces:
Delta cells

-Glucagon
-Insulin
-Somatostatin

A

Somatostatin

28
Q

Diabetic condition formed when a person’s own immune system destroys the islet cells of the pancreas, resulting in impaired production of insulin.

-Type I diabetes
-Type II diabetes
-Gestational diabetes

A

Type I diabetes

29
Q

It is recommended that all adults have a lipid profile performed every _____.

-6 months
-2 years
-5 years
-10 years

A

5 years

30
Q

Women, on average, have higher HDL levels and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels than men.

True
False

A

True

31
Q

HDL has a major role in this type of lipid pathway.

-Absorption pathway
-Exogenous pathway
-Endogenous pathway
-Reverse cholesterol pathway

A

Reverse cholesterol pathway

32
Q

Which is the type of lipoprotein that contains the apolipoprotein Apo B48?

-HDL
-Chylomicrons
-LDL
-Lp(a)

A

Chylomicrons

33
Q

Amphipathic lipid molecules contain both hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophobic head groups.

True
False

A

False

34
Q

Calculate the LDL from the following test results:
Total cholesterol: 223 mg/dL
HDL: 65 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 290 mg/dL

A

100

35
Q

The function of the major lipid components of the very-low density lipoproteins is to transport:

-Cholesterol from the peripheral cells
-Cholesterol and phospholipids to peripheral cells
-Exogenous triglycerides
-Endogenous triglycerides

A

Endogenous triglycerides

36
Q

Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of:

-Total protein
-Albumin
-Cholesterol
-Chylomicrons

A

Chylomicrons

37
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules:
Calcium

-Reabsorbed under influence of PTH
-Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
-Recovered from glomerular filtrate
-Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

A

Reabsorbed under influence of PTH

38
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules:
Bicarbonate

-Reabsorbed under influence of PTH
-Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
-Recovered from glomerular filtrate
-Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

A

Recovered from glomerular filtrate

39
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules:
Chloride

-Reabsorbed under influence of PTH
-Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
-Recovered from glomerular filtrate
-Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

A

Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule

40
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules:
Magnesium

-Reabsorbed under influence of PTH
-Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
-Recovered from glomerular filtrate
-Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

A

Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

41
Q

A rare disease of water and salt imbalance.

-Diabetes type 1
-Diabetes insipidus
-Diabetes type 2
-Diabetes- gestational

A

Diabetes insipidus

42
Q

Of the total serum osmolality; sodium, chloride, and bicarb normally contribute what percent?

92
8
45
72

A

92

43
Q

Match the ions to their charges:
Anions

Negative
Positive

A

Negative

44
Q

Match the ions to their charges:
Cations

Negative
Positive

A

Positive

45
Q

What is the type of lipoprotein that is known to contribute to plaque formation?

-LDL
-VLDL
-HDL
-Triglycerides

A

LDL

46
Q

A patient presents to the ER with flushed skin, severe agitation, low-grade fever, and complaints of being extremely thirsty. Given these symptoms, what pathology would you consider?

-Hypernatremia
-Hyponatremia
-Hyperkalemia
-Hypokalemia

A

Hypernatremia

47
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with an increase in anion gap when it occurs in a single patient?

-Renal failure
-Ketoacidosis
-Glycol poisoning
-Instrument error

A

Instrument error

48
Q

Causes of increased levels of protein in CSF include all but:

-Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma
-Lysis of contaminant blood from traumatic tap
-Increased permeability of the epithelial membrane
-Obstruction

A

Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma

49
Q

In order to maintain electrical neutrality in the red blood cell, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with what electrolyte?

-Sodium
-Potassium
-Chloride
-Phosphate

A

Chloride

50
Q

Of total serum calcium, free ionized calcium normally represents approximately what percent?

10
45
60
90

A

45

51
Q

The presence of only slightly visible hemolysis will significantly increase the serum level of which of the following analytes?

-Bicarbonate
-Chloride
-Potassium
-Sodium

A

Potassium

52
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

-Chloride
-Potassium
-Sodium
-Bicarbonate

A

Potassium

53
Q

What is the major extracellular cation?

-Potassium
-Chloride
-Sodium
-Bicarbonate

A

Sodium

54
Q

Calculate the anion gap using the following lab data
Na: 135
K: 4.0
Cl: 94
HCO3: 28

A

17

55
Q

Unsaturated triglycerides are typically solid at room temperature.

True
False

A

False

56
Q

The cation is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and second most abundant intracellularly. Hint: Consumption of processed foods can lead to inadequate intake and subsequent deficiency.

-Calcium
-Potassium
-Magnesium
-Sodium

A

Magnesium

57
Q

Given the following results, calculate the plasma osmolality:
Sodium: 135
Glucose: 96
BUN: 22

A

282

58
Q

Water makes up what percentage of body weight?

40-75%
5-10%
85-95%
20-40%

A

40-75%

59
Q

Which phrase does not describe phospholipids?

-Hydrophobic head group
-Synthesized in all organs
-Amphipathic
-Unsaturated steroid alcohol

A

Unsaturated steroid alcohol

60
Q

Electrolyte essential for myocardial contraction and important to maintain normal levels for critically ill patients.

-Chloride
-Calcium
-Sodium
-Zinc

A

Calcium

61
Q

Calculate the osmol gap given the following information:
Sodium: 140
Glucose: 62
BUN: 35
Measured osmo: 300

A

5

Chem 1 (6 decks)

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