Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A,E,D,K
What are the water soluble Vitamins?
Bs and C
Are vitamins and minerals essential or non essential? Why?
essential. must get from the diet. bodies cannot makethem.
Do vitamins and minerals provide calories?
No
What are the general functions of vitamins?
metabolism
coenzymes
build tissue and bone
antioxidants
prevent vitamin deficiency
How are fat soluble vitamins best absorbed?
when ingested with fat
How are fat soluble vitamins transported in the body?
in chylomicrons in the lymphatic system
Can fat soluble vitamins be stored in the body?
yes
Can toxicity occur from consuming too much of a fat soluble vitamin?
yes
Are water soluble vitamins easily absorbed into the bloodstream?
Yes
Can water soluble vitamins be stored in the body?
No, except for two
Which two water soluble vitamins can be stored in the body?
B12 and B6
Does toxicity occur from water soluble vitamins?
No
What is the alternate name for Vitamin A
retinol
Functions of vitamin A
vision, growth, tissue strength, healthy epithelial cells, production of immune cells
what are food sources of Vitamin A (retinol)
preformed from animal products fish liver oils, egg yolks, butter cream, milk-fat
provitamin beta carotene to be converted - yellow/orange foods/deep green fruits
What are two vitamin A (retinol) deficiencies?
Xerosis - itching burning, red, inflamed eyelids
Xeropthalmia - blindness
What is another name for vitamin D
calciferol
What are the two types of vitamin D
cholecalciferol - D3
ergocalciferol - D2
What does calciferol convert to in the kidney?
calcitriol
once calciferol converts to calcitriol, what does calcitriol do?
increases absorbtion of calcium and phospherous from intestines
prevents calcium from being eliminated by the kidney
increases osteoclast activity/bone minseralization
differentiation in immune cells
what is a vitamin D deficiency?
rickets - soft bone/bow legs
what are food sources of vitamin D
fatty fish
fortified milk
what is another name for vitamin E
tocopherol
What does vitamin E do
antioxidant
selenium metabolism
what is a vitamin E deficiency in babies and another in adults?
hemolytic anemia in babies
myelin sheath issues in adults
what are food sources of vitamin E
vegetabl oils
nuts
seeds
what is another name for vitamin C
ascorbic acid
what does vitamin c (ascorbic acid) do?
connective tissue collagen synthesis
adrenal glands during stress
converts dopamine to norepinephrine
synthesis of fat metabolism
converts phylalanine to tyrosine
tryptophan metabolism
antioxidant
what is a vitamin c deficiency
scurvy: tissue bleeding, bone fractures
food sources of vitamin c
citrus, bell peppers, kiwi, berries, broccoli, green and yellow vegetables
what is another name for vitamin B1
thiamine
what does vitamin B1 (thiamine do)?
production of ATP
GI tract
nervous system
cardiovascular functions
coenzyme in energy metabolism
what is a vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency?
beri beri: nerve pain, paralysis fo limbs, edema; encephalopathy - mental alertness
food sources of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
plants, yeast, pork, whole grains, legumes
what is another name for vitamin B2
riboflavin
what does vitamin B2 (riboflavin) do?
metabolism for producing ATP
coenzyme FAD
tissue protein building
how does a vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency present?
affects areas of body with rapid cell regeneration
cracked lips/mouth, dermatitis
what are food sources of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
milk
enriched grains
animal proteins
almonds
soybeans
what is another name for vitamin B3?
niacin
what does vitamin B3 (niacin) do?
energy metabolism
coenzyme NAD/NADH
what is a vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency?
pellagra - dermatitus
dementia
what are food sources of vitamin B3 (niacin)
meat, poultry, fish, enriched whole grains/cereals, peanuts
what is another name for vitamin B6
pyridoxine
what does vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) do?
amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
synthesis of neurotransmitters
what does a deficiency in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
CNS dysfunction
irritability, neuritis, convulsions, anemia
what are food sources of vitamin B6
grains, enriched foods, liver, kidney, animal meats
What does folate (B9) do?
DNA synthesis, cell division, regulates homocysteine
Folate deficiencies
megaloblastic anemia
neural tube defects
food sources of folate
wheat germ
leafy vegetables
orange juice
legumes
chicken liver
what is another name for vitamin B12
cobalamin
what does vitamin B12 (cobalamin) do?
regulate homocysteine
hemoglobin synthesis
nervous system
vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
poor absorption if do not have intrinsic factor
inflammatory bowel disease
neurological symptoms
pernicious anemia
glocitus - swollen shiny tongue
food sources of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
meat, clams, oysters, herring, crab
pantothenic acid
what does it do and food sources
component of acetyl CoA to extract energy from nutrients
animal, whole grains, fortified cereals, sunflower oil
biotin
do and food sources
coenzymes carboxylases to transfer carbion dioxide
liver, cooked egg yolks, meat, soy flower, tomatoes, yeast
choline
do, deficiency, food sources
structure of cell membranes, lipid transport, reducing homocysteine, neurotransmitters
fatty liver disease
meat and liver, eggs, soybean
are minerals more easily abosrbed from plants or animal sources
animal
how are minerals carried in the body
plasma proteins and tissue uptake
what does calcium do?
bone and tooth formation
blood clotting
muscle and nerve action
metabolic processes: absorption b12, activate pancreatic lipase, secrete insulin, cell membrane permeability
what is a calcium deficiency?
osteoporosis
food sources of calcium
milk, green vegetables, fish with bones, fortified foods
what does sodium do?
water balance
acid-base balance
muscle action
nerve impulses
nutrient absorption
sodium food sources
table salt
cured meat
canned soups
processed foods
what does potassium do
water balance
metabolic reactions converting glucose to glycogen
storage of nitrogen in muscle protein
muscle action
insulin release
blood pressure
what do you see in potassium deficiency
vomiting
diarrhea
food sources potassium
fruits and vegetables
whole grains
fresh meats
functions of iron
hemoglobin synthesis
general metabolism/glucose
antibodies
drug detoxification
collagen
purine
converts carotene into vit a
food sources of iron
heme vs non heme and absorbability
heme from hemoglobin comes from animals and abosrbs quicker
non heme from plants and animals, absorbs slower
functions of iodine
thyroid gland synthesis of thyroxine
idodine deficiency
goiter, cretinism, impaired mental and physical development, hypothyroidism
food sources of iodine
iodized table salt
seafood
seaweed
functions of zinc
important for over 300 enzymes
DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
immune system
growth
zinc deficiency
poor wound healing
hair loss
diarrhea
compromised immune function
impaired taste and smell
food sources of zinc
meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains
what is chromium important for
glucose tolerance factor - stimulates the action of insulin
