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Nutrition Basics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,E,D,K

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2
Q

What are the water soluble Vitamins?

A

Bs and C

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3
Q

Are vitamins and minerals essential or non essential? Why?

A

essential. must get from the diet. bodies cannot makethem.

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4
Q

Do vitamins and minerals provide calories?

A

No

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5
Q

What are the general functions of vitamins?

A

metabolism
coenzymes
build tissue and bone
antioxidants
prevent vitamin deficiency

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6
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins best absorbed?

A

when ingested with fat

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7
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins transported in the body?

A

in chylomicrons in the lymphatic system

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8
Q

Can fat soluble vitamins be stored in the body?

A

yes

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9
Q

Can toxicity occur from consuming too much of a fat soluble vitamin?

A

yes

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10
Q

Are water soluble vitamins easily absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Can water soluble vitamins be stored in the body?

A

No, except for two

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12
Q

Which two water soluble vitamins can be stored in the body?

A

B12 and B6

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13
Q

Does toxicity occur from water soluble vitamins?

A

No

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14
Q

What is the alternate name for Vitamin A

A

retinol

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15
Q

Functions of vitamin A

A

vision, growth, tissue strength, healthy epithelial cells, production of immune cells

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16
Q

what are food sources of Vitamin A (retinol)

A

preformed from animal products fish liver oils, egg yolks, butter cream, milk-fat

provitamin beta carotene to be converted - yellow/orange foods/deep green fruits

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17
Q

What are two vitamin A (retinol) deficiencies?

A

Xerosis - itching burning, red, inflamed eyelids
Xeropthalmia - blindness

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18
Q

What is another name for vitamin D

A

calciferol

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19
Q

What are the two types of vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol - D3
ergocalciferol - D2

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20
Q

What does calciferol convert to in the kidney?

A

calcitriol

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21
Q

once calciferol converts to calcitriol, what does calcitriol do?

A

increases absorbtion of calcium and phospherous from intestines

prevents calcium from being eliminated by the kidney

increases osteoclast activity/bone minseralization

differentiation in immune cells

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22
Q

what is a vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets - soft bone/bow legs

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23
Q

what are food sources of vitamin D

A

fatty fish
fortified milk

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24
Q

what is another name for vitamin E

A

tocopherol

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25
Q

What does vitamin E do

A

antioxidant
selenium metabolism

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26
Q

what is a vitamin E deficiency in babies and another in adults?

A

hemolytic anemia in babies

myelin sheath issues in adults

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27
Q

what are food sources of vitamin E

A

vegetabl oils
nuts
seeds

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28
Q

what is another name for vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

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29
Q

what does vitamin c (ascorbic acid) do?

A

connective tissue collagen synthesis
adrenal glands during stress
converts dopamine to norepinephrine
synthesis of fat metabolism
converts phylalanine to tyrosine
tryptophan metabolism
antioxidant

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30
Q

what is a vitamin c deficiency

A

scurvy: tissue bleeding, bone fractures

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31
Q

food sources of vitamin c

A

citrus, bell peppers, kiwi, berries, broccoli, green and yellow vegetables

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32
Q

what is another name for vitamin B1

A

thiamine

33
Q

what does vitamin B1 (thiamine do)?

A

production of ATP
GI tract
nervous system
cardiovascular functions
coenzyme in energy metabolism

34
Q

what is a vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency?

A

beri beri: nerve pain, paralysis fo limbs, edema; encephalopathy - mental alertness

35
Q

food sources of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A

plants, yeast, pork, whole grains, legumes

36
Q

what is another name for vitamin B2

A

riboflavin

37
Q

what does vitamin B2 (riboflavin) do?

A

metabolism for producing ATP
coenzyme FAD
tissue protein building

38
Q

how does a vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency present?

A

affects areas of body with rapid cell regeneration
cracked lips/mouth, dermatitis

39
Q

what are food sources of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A

milk
enriched grains
animal proteins
almonds
soybeans

40
Q

what is another name for vitamin B3?

A

niacin

41
Q

what does vitamin B3 (niacin) do?

A

energy metabolism
coenzyme NAD/NADH

42
Q

what is a vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency?

A

pellagra - dermatitus
dementia

43
Q

what are food sources of vitamin B3 (niacin)

A

meat, poultry, fish, enriched whole grains/cereals, peanuts

44
Q

what is another name for vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine

45
Q

what does vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) do?

A

amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
synthesis of neurotransmitters

46
Q

what does a deficiency in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A

CNS dysfunction
irritability, neuritis, convulsions, anemia

47
Q

what are food sources of vitamin B6

A

grains, enriched foods, liver, kidney, animal meats

48
Q

What does folate (B9) do?

A

DNA synthesis, cell division, regulates homocysteine

49
Q

Folate deficiencies

A

megaloblastic anemia
neural tube defects

50
Q

food sources of folate

A

wheat germ
leafy vegetables
orange juice
legumes
chicken liver

51
Q

what is another name for vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

52
Q

what does vitamin B12 (cobalamin) do?

A

regulate homocysteine
hemoglobin synthesis
nervous system

53
Q

vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

A

poor absorption if do not have intrinsic factor
inflammatory bowel disease
neurological symptoms
pernicious anemia
glocitus - swollen shiny tongue

54
Q
A
55
Q

food sources of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

A

meat, clams, oysters, herring, crab

56
Q

pantothenic acid
what does it do and food sources

A

component of acetyl CoA to extract energy from nutrients

animal, whole grains, fortified cereals, sunflower oil

57
Q
A
57
Q

biotin
do and food sources

A

coenzymes carboxylases to transfer carbion dioxide

liver, cooked egg yolks, meat, soy flower, tomatoes, yeast

58
Q

choline
do, deficiency, food sources

A

structure of cell membranes, lipid transport, reducing homocysteine, neurotransmitters

fatty liver disease

meat and liver, eggs, soybean

59
Q

are minerals more easily abosrbed from plants or animal sources

A

animal

60
Q

how are minerals carried in the body

A

plasma proteins and tissue uptake

61
Q

what does calcium do?

A

bone and tooth formation
blood clotting
muscle and nerve action
metabolic processes: absorption b12, activate pancreatic lipase, secrete insulin, cell membrane permeability

62
Q

what is a calcium deficiency?

A

osteoporosis

63
Q

food sources of calcium

A

milk, green vegetables, fish with bones, fortified foods

64
Q

what does sodium do?

A

water balance
acid-base balance
muscle action
nerve impulses
nutrient absorption

65
Q

sodium food sources

A

table salt
cured meat
canned soups
processed foods

66
Q

what does potassium do

A

water balance
metabolic reactions converting glucose to glycogen
storage of nitrogen in muscle protein
muscle action
insulin release
blood pressure

67
Q

what do you see in potassium deficiency

A

vomiting
diarrhea

68
Q

food sources potassium

A

fruits and vegetables
whole grains
fresh meats

69
Q

functions of iron

A

hemoglobin synthesis
general metabolism/glucose
antibodies
drug detoxification
collagen
purine
converts carotene into vit a

70
Q

food sources of iron
heme vs non heme and absorbability

A

heme from hemoglobin comes from animals and abosrbs quicker

non heme from plants and animals, absorbs slower

71
Q

functions of iodine

A

thyroid gland synthesis of thyroxine

72
Q

idodine deficiency

A

goiter, cretinism, impaired mental and physical development, hypothyroidism

73
Q

food sources of iodine

A

iodized table salt
seafood
seaweed

74
Q

functions of zinc

A

important for over 300 enzymes
DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
immune system
growth

75
Q

zinc deficiency

A

poor wound healing
hair loss
diarrhea
compromised immune function
impaired taste and smell

76
Q

food sources of zinc

A

meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains

77
Q

what is chromium important for

A

glucose tolerance factor - stimulates the action of insulin

Nutrition Basics (7 decks)

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