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Nutrition Basics > Chapter 2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body’s major source of energy?

be specific

A

the simple carbohydrate glucose

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2
Q

How does the human body get glucose?

A

from breaking down plant sources of carbohydrates (starch) through digestion and metabolism into glucose

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3
Q

What are the three functions the body must do as an energy system to get energy from a fuel source?

A

change the crude fuel to a refined fuel that the body is designed to use

transport the refined fuel to areas that need it

burn the fuel

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4
Q

Explain the carbohydrate energy system

On a macro level, what is carbohydrate digestion in the body

A

digets complex carbs and liberates glucose

carries the glucose to where it is needed

ATP, that we use for energy, is formed

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5
Q

Why are carbohydrates so widely used in foods and diets in America?

A

availability, accessibility, and ease of storage

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6
Q

what is the chemical formula for carbohydrate?

A

CHO
(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

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7
Q

What is the chemical name for sugar molecules?

A

saccharide

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8
Q

In what main source of energy are saccharides found?

A

carbohydrates

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9
Q

What determines if a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?

A

the number of saccharide units within the structure

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10
Q

What two types of saccharides are considered simple carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide

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11
Q

What type of saccharide makes complex carbohydrates?

A

polysaccharide

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12
Q

Which of the three main saccharides are the building blocks for all carbohydrates and do not require digestion?

A

monosaccharides

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13
Q

What happens to monosaccharides in the body?

A

they are quickly absorbed from the intestine into the bloodstream and delivered to the liver

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14
Q

What are the two things the body will do with monosaccharides?

A

Use them for energy immediately
Store them as glycogen for later use

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15
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a complex carbohydrates with many glucose units linked together.

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16
Q

What are the three types of monosaccharides? (all 6 carbon rings C6H12O6 with different structure)

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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17
Q

Which sugar is the form of sugar circulating in the blood?

A

glucose

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18
Q

what is the naturally occuring form of glucose?

A

dextrose

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19
Q

Which monosaccharide is the primary fuel for cells?

A

glucose

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20
Q

Where does the body’s supply of glucose come from?

A

the digestion of starch

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21
Q

Where is fructose found?

A

fruits, honey

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22
Q

How is high fructose corn syrup created?

A

by changing the glucose in cornstarch into fructose

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23
Q

How is galactose produced?

A

as a result of lactose digestion

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24
Q

What is lactose?

A

milk sugar

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25
Q

Which saccharide is composed of two single sugar units linked together?

A

disaccharide

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26
Q

What are the three disaccharides important in human nutrition?

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

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27
Q

How many kcal/gram does carbohyrate provide?

A

4

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28
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

glucose and fructose

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29
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

glucose and galactose

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30
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

glucose and glucose

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31
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

complex carbohydrates with many glucoses in a chain

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32
Q

How do complex carbohydrates affect blood glucose and energy?

A

blood glucose rises slowly and supplies energy over longer period of time

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33
Q

Where are polysaccharide starches found?

A

Grains
Legumes
Vegetables
Some Fruit

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34
Q

What are the layers of the whole grain?

A

bran
inner germ
endosperm

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35
Q

what layers of the whole grain is fiber?

A

bran and germ

36
Q

What layer of a whole grain is starch?

A

endosperm

37
Q

What are enriched grains?

A

refined grains that haved nutrients taken out and then added back in

38
Q

what is glycogen?

A

a stored form of glucose

39
Q

Is glycogen a dietary carbohydrate?

A

no

40
Q

Is glycogen a polysaccharide?

A

yes

41
Q

where is glycogen produced?

A

liver and muscles

42
Q

what does liver glycogen do?

A

increase blood glucose levels when low

43
Q

what does muscle glycogen do?

A

only used for muscle contractions

44
Q

can muscle glycogen be reconverted to glucose and used in the bloodstream?

A

no

45
Q

what are the three types of polysaccharides?

A

starch
glycogen
dietary fiber

46
Q

Is dietary fiber an energy source?

A

no

47
Q

what are health benefits of fiber?
Think diseases

A

cardiovascular disease
gastrointestinal
diabetes

48
Q

What is glycemic index (GI)

A

ranking of carbohydrates and how they affect blood glucose levels

49
Q

How does food on the lower end of the GI affect our blood glucose levels?

A

slowly increases blood glucose

50
Q

How does food on the higher end of GI affect blood glucose?

A

creates a surge in blood glucose levels

51
Q

does higher or lower GI equate to healther vs not healthier, explain.

A

No, just because something does show a high GI does not mean it is a healthier choice than something higher on the GI scale.

52
Q

What is a nutritive sweetener?

A

A sweetener that contributes to our calories consumed.

53
Q

How many calories per gram does a nutritive sweetener provide?

A

2 to 3 cal per gram 

54
Q

What type of sugar are nutritive sweetener’s made of?

A

Sugar alcohols

55
Q

What are three types of sugar alcohols?

A

Sorbitol
Mannitol
Xylitol

56
Q

Where is sorbitol commonly found?

A

Candy, gum, beverages

57
Q

What is the alcohol form of sucrose called?

A

Sorbitol

58
Q

What is the alcohol form of Menos called?

A

Mannitol

59
Q

What is the alcohol form of xylose called?

A

Xylitol 

60
Q

What are three benefits of nutritive sweetener’s?

A

They absorb more slowly than glucose

They decreased dental cavities

They are better for individuals who cannot tolerate high blood sugar (diabetes)

61
Q

Do non-nutritive sweetener’s contribute to caloric intake?

A

No

62
Q

List four non-nutritive artificial sweeteners

A

Aspartame
Saccharin
Stevia
Splenda

63
Q

Where is aspartame found?

A

Nutrasweet
Equal

64
Q

Where is saccharin found?

A

Sweet and low

65
Q

Is dietary fiber a digestible carbohydrate?

A

No

66
Q

What are the two groups of fiber?

A

Soluble and insoluble

67
Q

Name the two insoluble dietary fibers

A

Cellulose
Lignin

68
Q

Name the three soluble dietary fibers

A

Gums
Mucilages
Pectins

69
Q

How many grams of dietary fiber is recommended per day for men and for women?

A

38 g per day for men
25 g per day for women

70
Q

What can happen to our digestive system when we increase fiber to quickly?

A

Gas, bloating, constipation

71
Q

What happens to small amounts of minerals in our body when dietary fiber intake is too high?

A

The minerals can get trapped and will not be absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract

72
Q

What does cellulose do in the gastrointestinal intestinal tract?

A

Is undigested and provides bulk to help food move through the intestine

73
Q

Where does cellulose come from in our diet?

A

Stems and leaves of vegetables, and covering of seeds and greens

74
Q

What do non-cellulose polysaccharides do in the body?

A

Absorb water and swell to a larger bulk

75
Q

List three examples of non-cellulose polysaccharides.

A

Pectins
Gums
Mucilages

76
Q

Where are pectins found and what did they benefit?

A

Found in plant fruit and can lower cholesterol

77
Q

In what food are gums found and what do they help do in the body?

A

Oats, legumes, and barley. Slow digestion, and glucose absorption.

78
Q

In what food are Mucilages found and what do they do in the body?

A

Psyllium seeds and flaxseeds
Retain water

79
Q

What is the only non-carbohydrate type of dietary fiber?

A

Lignin

80
Q

Where is Lignin found in food and what are its benefits for the body?

A

Woody parts of plants like stems and edible seeds
Antioxidants and lowers cholesterol

81
Q

What happens in the mouth with starch digestion?

mechanical and chemical

A

mouth breaks down food into smaller pieces

salivary glands release salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into maltose

82
Q

What happens in the stomach with starch digestion?

A

stomach acid and enzymes stop amylase from working because amylase pH is too low to function in the acidic environment of the stomach

carbohydrate digestion is halted in the stomach

83
Q

What happens in the small intestine with starch digestion?

A

intestinal enzymes and pancreatic amylase continue breakdown of simple carbohydrates into simple sugars

additional disaccharides are broken down by brush border enzymes

maltase breaks down maltose
sucrase breaks down sucrose
lactase breaks down lactose

84
Q

What happens in the liver during starch digestion?

A

the monosaccharides are absorbed and travel to the liver through blood portal circulation

the liver regulates the glucose entering the blood in response to pancreatic hormones

85
Q

what happens in the large intestine in starch digestion?

A

fiber (undigested carbs) continues through digestive tract for excretion

Nutrition Basics (7 decks)

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