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Nutrition Basics > Chapter 5 & 6 Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 5 & 6 Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, Energy Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of the digestive tract (and the path of food digestion) in the body from mouth to anus.

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Lare intestine
Anus

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejenum
ileum

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3
Q

What are the six parts of the large intestine?

A

secum
ascending colon
transverse colon,
descending colon
sigmoid
rectum

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4
Q

What are the three accessory organs of digestion?

A

Pancreas
Liver
Gall Bladder

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5
Q

What do muscles, valves, and nerves do in gastrointestinal motility?

A

muscles contract and relax to push food through

valves open and close to regulate passage of food

intramural nerves in the wall of the GI tract regulate the muscle actions from esophagus to the anus

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6
Q

What are the five types of secretions in chemical digestion? Briefly explain what they do.

A

Enzymes: break down nutrients
Hydrochloric acid: regulates pH for enzymes
Mucus: lubricates and protects and mixes food
Water & Electrolytes: carry and circulate digestion products through tract
Bile: emulsifier, divides fat into smaller pieces for fat enzymes to do their work

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7
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

produced in liver
stored in gall bladder

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8
Q

What is the term for the mouth breaking down the food?

A

mastication

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9
Q

What do muscles in the tongue do in digestion?

A

pushes food up and back to get it down into esophagus

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10
Q

What is the gastroesophageal sphincter (also called LES, lower esophageal sphincter)

A

sphincter at stomach entrance that must relax to allow food in, then constricts to keep it there

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11
Q

What is the sphincter at the bottom of the stomach called?

A

pyloric sphincter

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12
Q

What two enzymes are secreted in chemical digestion in the mouth for carbohydrate and fat digestion?

A

carbohydrate: salivary amylase
fat: lingual lipase

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13
Q

Are any enzymes secreted in the esophagus?

A

no

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14
Q

What types of things cause gastric secretions to be stimulated?

A

parasympathetic impulses from the vagus nerve

sight, smell, taste, thought of food

food in stomach stimulates stretch receptors, which causes secretions

hormone gastrin stimulates the stomach to start moving: gastric juice secretion, increases peristalsis, and relaxes pyloric sphincter

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15
Q

What mechanical digestion happens in the stomach?

A

sphincter control allows bolus to enter stomach

stomach muscles knead, store, mix, and move food forward

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16
Q

What is a bolus?

A

lump of food that enters the stomach

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17
Q

What is chyme?

A

sludge material in the lower portion of the stomach that is slowly released into the small intestine

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18
Q

how is chyme released into the small intestine?

A

through the pyloric valve at the bottom of the stomach. The valve opens, lets some in, closes, opens, lets some in, closes, etc.

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19
Q

What are the three main chemical digestion secretions in the stomach?

A

hydrochloric acid
mucus
enzymes

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20
Q

What secretes and produces hydrochloric acid?

A

parietal cells

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21
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do?

A

regulates pH for pepsin
helps unravel proteins so its easier to breakdown

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22
Q

what does mucus do in the stomach?

A

protects stomach from hycrochloric acid

binds and mixes food to help it move along

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23
Q

What is the enzyme that gets released first in the stomach?

A

pepsinogen

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24
Q

what does it mean when the name of an enzyme ends in -ogen

A

it’s an inactive form of the enzyme

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25
What stimulates pepsinogen to become pepsin?
hydrochloric acid
26
what does pepsin do?
splits proteins
27
What are the four mechanical digestion movements in the small intestine?
peristaltic waves pendular movements segementation rings longitudinal rotation
28
what is the main way that we push food forward in the small intestine?
peristalsis
29
What does the pendulum mechanical digestion in the small intestine do?
swings back and forth to mix up the chyme
30
what do segmentation rings in mechanical small intestine digestion do?
chop food into lumps and mixing with secretions
31
what does longitudinal rotation mechanical digestion do in the small intestine?
rolls food in a spiral motion exposing new surfaces for absorption
32
What are the pancreatic enzymes produced for digestion in the small intestine? Carbs, Proteins, fats
carbs: pancreatic amylase converts starch to maltose protein: trypsin and chymotrypsin split large protein molecules into smaller peptide fragments and eventually into singular amino acids protein: carboxypeptidase removes amino acids from proteins fats: pancreatic lipase converts fat to glycerides and fatty acids
33
What are the intestinal enzymes produced for chemical digestion in the small intestine? Carbs, Fats, Proteins
Carbs: disaccharidases sucrase, maltase, lactase turn disaccharides into monosaccharides Protein: Enterokinase, activates trypsinogen from the pancrease to become trypsin. Amino peptidase removes amino acids from polypeptides (proteins). Dipeptidase splits dipeptides into amino acids Fats: Intestinal lipase splits fat into glyceries and fatty acids
34
what are disaccharidases often called?
brush border enzymes
35
Are mucus and bile found in the small intestine during digestion?
Yes
36
37
What portion of the small intestine is often called the mixing bowl?
duodenum
38
Review Diagram
39
What hormones are secreted in the small intestine during digestion?
Secretin: controls release of enzymes from pancreas cholecystokinin (CCK): triggers release of bile from gall bladder
40
What is bioavailability?
amount of nutrients available for cellular use
41
do we absorb 100% of what we eat?
no
42
What does bioavailability depend on?
amount of nutrient present in GI tract competition between nutrients for absorption form in which nutrient is present
43
What three structures increase the surface area of the small intestine that help with absorption?
mucosal folds villi microvilli
44
what is the microvilli referred to?
brush border
45
what is the lymphatic portion of villi?
lacteal
46
Does digestion continue in the colon?
no besides bacteria that performs its own job
47
48
What happens to water in the large intestine?
Most of the water in chyme is absorbed in the first half of the colon
49
What does bacteria do in the colon?
synthesize vitamins and produce gas
50
Do nutrients get brought to the liver for processing before they are put into general circulation?
yes
50
what are the two major metabolic processes?
catabolism: breaking down anabolism: building up
51
What yields less energy in metabolism? Glucose or fat?
glucose
52
Excretion of what increases when we use protein for energy?
urea
53
Study this
54
What is glycogenesis
anabolic process of converting glucose into glycogen
55
what is lipogenesis?
excess energy when glycogen stores are full is converted to fat in adipose tissue building up of triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue
56
what is gluconeogenesis?
converting excess protein to glucose if needed or fat for storage nitrogen is removed and excreted
57
study this
58
how does Fever effect basal metabolic rate?
fever increases BMR
59
metabolic rate
the rate at which metabolism occurs
60
basal metabolic rate aka basal energy expenditure (BEE)
sum of all working body activities when we are at complete rest complete rest is no digestion, no physical activity, mental rest, no therm regulation, no emotional activity.
61
resting energy expenditure
Is about 10% higher than BEE. Easier to measure. Rest as best we can to get measurement.
62
hormone associated with metabolism. how does it effect BMR?
thyroid controls metabolism. hypothyroidism will decrease BMR. hyperthyroidism will increase BMR. TSH, Iodine growth hormone stimulates cell metabolism and raises BMR
63
difference between caloric and nutrient density
caloric density: concentration of energy we are going to get from the food we eat. nutrient density: concentration of nutrients in a given amount of food.
64
how many calories in a kilocalorie?
1,000 calories
65
how many kilocalories equal 1 Calorie (big c)
1
66
define density
the degree of concentration of a material in a given substance
67
How can you measure resting metabolic rate?
calorimetry (breathing machine) thyroid function
68
general formula for calculating basal energy needs
men 1 kcal x kg body weight x 24 women .9 kcal x kg body weight x 24
69
factors that influence basal metabolic rate
lean body mass (more metabolic activity) growh periods
70
what are the three demans on our energy system?
basal metabolic rate - takes the most energy 60-75% physical energy - takes the second most 15-30% thermic effect of food (food metabolism takes energy) - takes the least 10%
71
What is the intramural nerve plexus? Where does it run?
network of nerves along the GI tract that stimulate muscle action and motility. Runs from esophagus to anus.
72
Describe pendular sweeping movements in mechanical digestion. What does it mix up?
swinging back and forth to mix the chyme
73
Describe segmentation rings in mechanical digestion
rings that contract at different intervals and chop the food and mix it with secretions
74
Describe longitudinal rotation in mechanical digestion
Rolls the food around to mix it up in a spiral motion
75
What are the 5 types of secretions in chemical digestion?
HCl, Enzymes, Mucus, Water/Electrolytes, Bile
76
What does HCl do in chemical digestion
regulates pH of the stomach acid denatures proteins
77
What does mucus do in chemical digestion?
lubricates and protects mixes food
78
What do enzymes do in digestion?
Break down foods into digestable and absorbable form
79
What do water and electrolytes do in chemical digestion?
carry and circulate products of digestion through tract
80
What does bile do in chemical digestion?
breaks down fats into smaller pieces
81
why is peristalsis important, what does it do?
It keeps the food moving through the GI tract
82
What stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, increases peristalsis, and relaxes the pyloric sphincter?
Gastrin
83
What does pancreatic amylase do?
breaks starch down maltose into glucose and glucose
84
what do the pancreatic enzmyes trypsin and chymotrypsin do?
split proteins to peptide fragments and amino acids
85
what does pancratic enzyme carboxypeptidase do in chemical digestion?
takes amino acid end off the the chain and releases individual amino acids
86
what does the pancreatic enzyme lipase do in chemical digestion?
breaks down fat into glycerides and fatty acids
87
What are brush border enzymes and what do they do?
enzymes in the brush border of the small intestine that breaks down saccharides. Sucrase, maltase, lactase converts disaccharides into monosaccharies glucose, fructose, and galactose
88
What does the intestinal protein enterokinase activate?
trypsin and chymotripsin
89
what does the intestinal enzyme lipase do?
breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
90
What is gluconeogenesis?
New glucose or glycogen is made from extra proteins
91
What is glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from excess glucose
92
what is lipogenesis
stores triglycerides in adipose tissue can convert excess energy into fat storage in adipose tissue
93
three main structural components of intestonal wall
mucoasl fold, villi, microvilli
94
What is the microvilli also called?
brush border
95
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Absorb water, provide some vitamins from bacteria, finish remaining digestion, dietary fiber helps form feces
96
What happens to the metabolic rate when we have a fever?
it increases
97
What is BEE and what is its alternate name
basal energy expenditure, also called basal metabolic rate. is the rate of energy we use at complete and total rest.
98
what is resting energy expenditure
basal metabolic rate plus 10%
99
What two hormones are associated with metabolism? What do each of them do?
secretin controls release of pancreatic enzymes cholecystikinin stimulates bile to be secretied from the gall bladder

Nutrition Basics (7 decks)

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