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Nutrition Basics > Chapter 5 & 6 Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 5 & 6 Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, Energy Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of the digestive tract (and the path of food digestion) in the body from mouth to anus.

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Lare intestine
Anus

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejenum
ileum

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3
Q

What are the six parts of the large intestine?

A

secum
ascending colon
transverse colon,
descending colon
sigmoid
rectum

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4
Q

What are the three accessory organs of digestion?

A

Pancreas
Liver
Gall Bladder

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5
Q

What do muscles, valves, and nerves do in gastrointestinal motility?

A

muscles contract and relax to push food through

valves open and close to regulate passage of food

intramural nerves in the wall of the GI tract regulate the muscle actions from esophagus to the anus

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6
Q

What are the five types of secretions in chemical digestion? Briefly explain what they do.

A

Enzymes: break down nutrients
Hydrochloric acid: regulates pH for enzymes
Mucus: lubricates and protects and mixes food
Water & Electrolytes: carry and circulate digestion products through tract
Bile: emulsifier, divides fat into smaller pieces for fat enzymes to do their work

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7
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

produced in liver
stored in gall bladder

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8
Q

What is the term for the mouth breaking down the food?

A

mastication

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9
Q

What do muscles in the tongue do in digestion?

A

pushes food up and back to get it down into esophagus

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10
Q

What is the gastroesophageal sphincter (also called LES, lower esophageal sphincter)

A

sphincter at stomach entrance that must relax to allow food in, then constricts to keep it there

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11
Q

What is the sphincter at the bottom of the stomach called?

A

pyloric sphincter

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12
Q

What two enzymes are secreted in chemical digestion in the mouth for carbohydrate and fat digestion?

A

carbohydrate: salivary amylase
fat: lingual lipase

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13
Q

Are any enzymes secreted in the esophagus?

A

no

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14
Q

What types of things cause gastric secretions to be stimulated?

A

parasympathetic impulses from the vagus nerve

sight, smell, taste, thought of food

food in stomach stimulates stretch receptors, which causes secretions

hormone gastrin stimulates the stomach to start moving: gastric juice secretion, increases peristalsis, and relaxes pyloric sphincter

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15
Q

What mechanical digestion happens in the stomach?

A

sphincter control allows bolus to enter stomach

stomach muscles knead, store, mix, and move food forward

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16
Q

What is a bolus?

A

lump of food that enters the stomach

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17
Q

What is chyme?

A

sludge material in the lower portion of the stomach that is slowly released into the small intestine

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18
Q

how is chyme released into the small intestine?

A

through the pyloric valve at the bottom of the stomach. The valve opens, lets some in, closes, opens, lets some in, closes, etc.

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19
Q

What are the three main chemical digestion secretions in the stomach?

A

hydrochloric acid
mucus
enzymes

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20
Q

What secretes and produces hydrochloric acid?

A

parietal cells

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21
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do?

A

regulates pH for pepsin
helps unravel proteins so its easier to breakdown

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22
Q

what does mucus do in the stomach?

A

protects stomach from hycrochloric acid

binds and mixes food to help it move along

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23
Q

What is the enzyme that gets released first in the stomach?

A

pepsinogen

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24
Q

what does it mean when the name of an enzyme ends in -ogen

A

it’s an inactive form of the enzyme

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25
Q

What stimulates pepsinogen to become pepsin?

A

hydrochloric acid

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26
Q

what does pepsin do?

A

splits proteins

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27
Q

What are the four mechanical digestion movements in the small intestine?

A

peristaltic waves
pendular movements
segementation rings
longitudinal rotation

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28
Q

what is the main way that we push food forward in the small intestine?

A

peristalsis

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29
Q

What does the pendulum mechanical digestion in the small intestine do?

A

swings back and forth to mix up the chyme

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30
Q

what do segmentation rings in mechanical small intestine digestion do?

A

chop food into lumps and mixing with secretions

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31
Q

what does longitudinal rotation mechanical digestion do in the small intestine?

A

rolls food in a spiral motion exposing new surfaces for absorption

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32
Q

What are the pancreatic enzymes produced for digestion in the small intestine? Carbs, Proteins, fats

A

carbs: pancreatic amylase converts starch to maltose

protein: trypsin and chymotrypsin split large protein molecules into smaller peptide fragments and eventually into singular amino acids

protein: carboxypeptidase removes amino acids from proteins

fats: pancreatic lipase converts fat to glycerides and fatty acids

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33
Q

What are the intestinal enzymes produced for chemical digestion in the small intestine? Carbs, Fats, Proteins

A

Carbs: disaccharidases sucrase, maltase, lactase turn disaccharides into monosaccharides

Protein: Enterokinase, activates trypsinogen from the pancrease to become trypsin.

Amino peptidase removes amino acids from polypeptides (proteins).

Dipeptidase splits dipeptides into amino acids

Fats: Intestinal lipase splits fat into glyceries and fatty acids

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34
Q

what are disaccharidases often called?

A

brush border enzymes

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35
Q

Are mucus and bile found in the small intestine during digestion?

A

Yes

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36
Q
A
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37
Q

What portion of the small intestine is often called the mixing bowl?

A

duodenum

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38
Q

Review Diagram

A
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39
Q

What hormones are secreted in the small intestine during digestion?

A

Secretin: controls release of enzymes from pancreas

cholecystokinin (CCK): triggers release of bile from gall bladder

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40
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

amount of nutrients available for cellular use

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41
Q

do we absorb 100% of what we eat?

A

no

42
Q

What does bioavailability depend on?

A

amount of nutrient present in GI tract

competition between nutrients for absorption

form in which nutrient is present

43
Q

What three structures increase the surface area of the small intestine that help with absorption?

A

mucosal folds
villi
microvilli

44
Q

what is the microvilli referred to?

A

brush border

45
Q

what is the lymphatic portion of villi?

A

lacteal

46
Q

Does digestion continue in the colon?

A

no besides bacteria that performs its own job

47
Q
A
48
Q

What happens to water in the large intestine?

A

Most of the water in chyme is absorbed in the first half of the colon

49
Q

What does bacteria do in the colon?

A

synthesize vitamins and produce gas

50
Q

Do nutrients get brought to the liver for processing before they are put into general circulation?

A

yes

50
Q

what are the two major metabolic processes?

A

catabolism: breaking down

anabolism: building up

51
Q

What yields less energy in metabolism? Glucose or fat?

A

glucose

52
Q

Excretion of what increases when we use protein for energy?

A

urea

53
Q

Study this

A
54
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

anabolic process of converting glucose into glycogen

55
Q

what is lipogenesis?

A

excess energy when glycogen stores are full is converted to fat in adipose tissue

building up of triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue

56
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

converting excess protein to glucose if needed or fat for storage

nitrogen is removed and excreted

57
Q

study this

A
58
Q

how does Fever effect basal metabolic rate?

A

fever increases BMR

59
Q

metabolic rate

A

the rate at which metabolism occurs

60
Q

basal metabolic rate
aka basal energy expenditure (BEE)

A

sum of all working body activities when we are at complete rest

complete rest is no digestion, no physical activity, mental rest, no therm regulation, no emotional activity.

61
Q

resting energy expenditure

A

Is about 10% higher than BEE. Easier to measure. Rest as best we can to get measurement.

62
Q

hormone associated with metabolism. how does it effect BMR?

A

thyroid controls metabolism. hypothyroidism will decrease BMR. hyperthyroidism will increase BMR.

TSH, Iodine

growth hormone stimulates cell metabolism and raises BMR

63
Q

difference between caloric and nutrient density

A

caloric density: concentration of energy we are going to get from the food we eat.

nutrient density: concentration of nutrients in a given amount of food.

64
Q

how many calories in a kilocalorie?

A

1,000 calories

65
Q

how many kilocalories equal 1 Calorie (big c)

A

1

66
Q

define density

A

the degree of concentration of a material in a given substance

67
Q

How can you measure resting metabolic rate?

A

calorimetry (breathing machine)
thyroid function

68
Q

general formula for calculating basal energy needs

A

men 1 kcal x kg body weight x 24

women .9 kcal x kg body weight x 24

69
Q

factors that influence basal metabolic rate

A

lean body mass (more metabolic activity)
growh periods

70
Q

what are the three demans on our energy system?

A

basal metabolic rate - takes the most energy 60-75%
physical energy - takes the second most 15-30%
thermic effect of food (food metabolism takes energy) - takes the least 10%

71
Q

What is the intramural nerve plexus? Where does it run?

A

network of nerves along the GI tract that stimulate muscle action and motility. Runs from esophagus to anus.

72
Q

Describe pendular sweeping movements in mechanical digestion. What does it mix up?

A

swinging back and forth to mix the chyme

73
Q

Describe segmentation rings in mechanical digestion

A

rings that contract at different intervals and chop the food and mix it with secretions

74
Q

Describe longitudinal rotation in mechanical digestion

A

Rolls the food around to mix it up in a spiral motion

75
Q

What are the 5 types of secretions in chemical digestion?

A

HCl, Enzymes, Mucus, Water/Electrolytes, Bile

76
Q

What does HCl do in chemical digestion

A

regulates pH of the stomach acid
denatures proteins

77
Q

What does mucus do in chemical digestion?

A

lubricates and protects
mixes food

78
Q

What do enzymes do in digestion?

A

Break down foods into digestable and absorbable form

79
Q

What do water and electrolytes do in chemical digestion?

A

carry and circulate products of digestion through tract

80
Q

What does bile do in chemical digestion?

A

breaks down fats into smaller pieces

81
Q

why is peristalsis important, what does it do?

A

It keeps the food moving through the GI tract

82
Q

What stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, increases peristalsis, and relaxes the pyloric sphincter?

A

Gastrin

83
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

breaks starch down
maltose into glucose and glucose

84
Q

what do the pancreatic enzmyes trypsin and chymotrypsin do?

A

split proteins to peptide fragments and amino acids

85
Q

what does pancratic enzyme carboxypeptidase do in chemical digestion?

A

takes amino acid end off the the chain and releases individual amino acids

86
Q

what does the pancreatic enzyme lipase do in chemical digestion?

A

breaks down fat into glycerides and fatty acids

87
Q

What are brush border enzymes and what do they do?

A

enzymes in the brush border of the small intestine that breaks down saccharides. Sucrase, maltase, lactase converts disaccharides into monosaccharies glucose, fructose, and galactose

88
Q

What does the intestinal protein enterokinase activate?

A

trypsin and chymotripsin

89
Q

what does the intestinal enzyme lipase do?

A

breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

90
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

New glucose or glycogen is made from extra proteins

91
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Formation of glycogen from excess glucose

92
Q

what is lipogenesis

A

stores triglycerides in adipose tissue
can convert excess energy into fat storage in adipose tissue

93
Q

three main structural components of intestonal wall

A

mucoasl fold, villi, microvilli

94
Q

What is the microvilli also called?

A

brush border

95
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Absorb water, provide some vitamins from bacteria, finish remaining digestion, dietary fiber helps form feces

96
Q

What happens to the metabolic rate when we have a fever?

A

it increases

97
Q

What is BEE and what is its alternate name

A

basal energy expenditure, also called basal metabolic rate. is the rate of energy we use at complete and total rest.

98
Q

what is resting energy expenditure

A

basal metabolic rate plus 10%

99
Q

What two hormones are associated with metabolism? What do each of them do?

A

secretin controls release of pancreatic enzymes
cholecystikinin stimulates bile to be secretied from the gall bladder

Nutrition Basics (7 decks)

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