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Nutrition Basics > Chapter 3 Fats > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Fats Flashcards

1
Q

How many kcal/g do we get from fats?

A

9

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2
Q

Where do fats rank among carbohydrates and proteins as far as providing energy is concerned?

A

second to carbohydrates

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3
Q

In what body tissue are our fat cells stored?

A

adipose tissue

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4
Q

Are animal fats usually solid or liquid?

A

solid

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5
Q

Are plant based fats usually solid or liquid?

A

liquid

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6
Q

Are fats hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

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7
Q

What are the four major categories of fats?

A

Fatty Acids
Glycerides
Steroids (sterols)
Lipoproteins

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8
Q

Which class of fat is our body fat?

A

glycerides (triglycerides)

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9
Q

What are the two classes of fatty acids?

A

Saturated
Unsaturated

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10
Q

What is the functional group on the end of a fatty acid (hydrocarbon) chain called?

A

carboxyl group

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11
Q

How is the carboxyl group represented chemically?

A

C double bond to O
and single bond to OH

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12
Q

Do saturated fatty acids have single bonds or double bonds in the carbon chain?

A

only single

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13
Q

Are saturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temperature

A

solid

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14
Q

Are saturated fats found more in animal products or plant products?

A

animal

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15
Q

Is this a mono- or poly- unsaturated fat?

How do you know?

What is the acid name (name and omega name)

A

monounsaturated

because it has only one double bond in the carbon chain

oleic acid (omega-9)

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16
Q

Is this a mono- or poly- unsaturated fat?

How do you know?

What is the acid name (name and omega name)

A

polyunsaturated fat

it has two or more double bonds in the carbon chain

linoleic acid (omega-6)

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17
Q

Is this a mono- or poly- unsaturated fat?

How do you know?

What is the acid name (name and omega name)

A

polyunsaturated

it has two or more double bonds in the carbon chain

alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)

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18
Q

What is the name for the far left end of the fatty acid chain?

Name both names

A

methyl or omega

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19
Q

How do you determine if a unsaturated fatty acid is an omega 3, 6, or 9

A

count the number of carbons from the methyl/omega end before hitting the first carbon bond

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20
Q

Are unsaturated fatty acids completely full of hydrogen?

A

No

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21
Q

Are unsaturated fatty acids solid or liquid at room temperature?

A

liquid

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22
Q

What are food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?

A

oils (olive, peanut, canola)
nuts
avocados

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23
Q

What are food sources of polyunsaturated fats?

A

vegetables oils (safflower, sunflower, corn)

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24
Q

Explain what an essential fatty acid is

A

a fat we must consume in the diet. we cannot make it in the body.

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25
Q

What are two sources of essential fatty acids?

A

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)

Linoleic acid (omega-6)

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26
Q

What type of body functions are Alpha-Linolenic Acid (Omega-3) and Linoleic (Omega-6) important for?

A

tissue strength
cholesterol metabolism
cardiovascular health

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27
Q

What are the dietary reference intakes of linoleic (omega-6) fatty acids for men and women?

A

17 g/day for men
12 g/day for women

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28
Q

what are the dietary reference intakes for alpha-linolenic (omega-3) fatty acids for men and women?

A

1.6 g/day for men
1.1 g/day for women

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29
Q

What are the two isomers of fatty acids with double bonds called?

A

cis and trans

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30
Q

Where are the hydrogen atoms located on the double bond in a cis fatty acid?

A

On the same side

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31
Q

Where are the hydrogen atoms located on the carbon double bond of a trans fatty acid?

A

opposite sides

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32
Q

Is this a cis fatty acid or a trans fatty acid?

A

cis

33
Q

is this a cis fatty acid or a trans fatty acid

ignore red circle to the side

A

trans

34
Q

Which configuration are most naturally occurring fatty acids found (cis or trans)?

A

cis

35
Q

How are most trans-fatty acids formed?

A

Vegetable oils are partially hydrogenated (hydrogen is added)

hyrogen is forced on the double bonds, but the configuration is trans not cis

36
Q

Why does industry create trans fatty acids?

A

they want the oil to become a solid

37
Q

What are the majority of dietary fats made of?

A

triglycerides

38
Q

what is the structure of triglycerides?

A

three separate fatty acid chains attached to an alcohol backbone

39
Q

does the glycerol need to be dehydrated to attach to the fatty acid chain?

A

yes

40
Q

what is this structure?

A

triglyceride

41
Q

what type of fats is stored in our body fats?

A

triglycerides

42
Q

How are phospholipids related to triglycerides?

A

They are a derivative of triglycerides. The third fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.

43
Q

Why is a phospholipid partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic?

A

fatty acid tail (lipid): hydrophobic
phosphate (hydrophilic)

44
Q

which type of fat is this a picture of?

A

phospholipid

45
Q

What type of fat makes up our cell membrane?

A

phospholipid

46
Q

what subgroup of fats are sterols?

A

steroids

47
Q

What two steroids (sterols) found the in the body?

A

phyosterols
zoosterols

48
Q

What produces phyosterols?

A

plants

49
Q

what produces zoosterols?

A

animals

50
Q

What is an example of a zoosterol humans create?

A

cholesterol

51
Q

What zoosterol is found in the cell membrane and what is its function?

A

cholesterol

helps make cell memrane more rigid and less fluid

52
Q

how many rings do steroids have in their chemical structure?

A

four

53
Q

do different steroids have different functional groups or the same functional groups coming off of them?

A

different

54
Q

What are examples of steroids in the body?

A

estrogen
testosterone
glucocorticoids
cholesterol

55
Q

Does most of our cholesterol come from dietary cholesterol or from what the body makes?

A

What the body makes

56
Q

What are some sources of dietary cholesterol?

A

eggs and organ meat

57
Q

What is endogenous cholesterol?

A

the cholesterol our liver produces

58
Q

Is cholesterol a nutrient of concern for overconsumption?

A

no

59
Q

What is a complex lipid?

A

lipoproteins

60
Q

what is the job of lipoproteins?

A

transport fat and cholesterol in the blood

61
Q

what are two transporters of fat and cholesterol?

A

low density lipoprotein (LDL)
high density lipoprotein (HDL)

62
Q

Where does LDL carry the fat and cholesterol to?

A

the cells

63
Q

Where does HDL carry the cholesterol to?

A

away from the cells to the liver for metabolism

64
Q
A
65
Q

does dietary fiber assist with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

yes

66
Q

does fat provide flavor to our foods?

A

yes

67
Q

do fats send a signal to the brain of being satisfied?

A

yes

68
Q

How do fats help with flavor and satisfaction?

A

fats digest slower
fuller texture
slower to empty from the stomach

69
Q

What two things does adipose tissue do for us?

A

protects organs
regulates temperature

70
Q

what three things are the primary sources of animal saturated fat and cholesterol in our diet?

A

meat
dairy
egg yolks

71
Q

What are our sources of mono and polyunsaturated plant fats in the diet?

A

vegetable oils such as olive, peanuts, safflower

72
Q

What are two sources of saturated plant fats in the diet?

A

coconut and palm oil

73
Q

What is the path for the digestion of fats in the body?

A

Mouth–>stomach–>small intestine

In the small intestine
bile from gallbladder–>enzymes from pancreas–>enzymes from small intestine–>absorption where dietary fat is carried as chylomicrons through lymph and blood

74
Q

What happens in the mouth in the digestion of fats?

mechanically and chemically

A

mechanical breakdown of food

chemical digestion with lingual lipase

75
Q

What happens in the stomach with the digestion of fats?

mechanically and chemically

`

A

mechanically, peristalsis mixes fat with water and acid

chemically, gastric lipase breaks down fat more

76
Q

What happens in the small intestine with the digestion of fats?

mechanically and chemically?

A

bile from gallbladder enters small intestine from common bile duct and emulsifies fat (take a big glob and breaks it up into smaller droplets) to give it more surface area for pancreatic lipase to break down small droplets of fat.

triglycerides are emulsified by pancreatic lipase and turn back into fatty acids and glycerol and possibly monoglycerides.

monoglycerides, fatty acids, and bile form micelles that are absorbed in the bloodstream

micelles go into mucosal cell and triglycerides are rebuilt. the re-formed triglycerides combine with cholesterol, phospholipds, and proteins to form chylomicrons, which are absorbed into lymphatic system

77
Q

what is a monoglyceride?

A

a glycerol w/ one fatty acid attached

78
Q

What happens in the large intestine with digestion of fats?

A

might be some additional digestion but mostly excreted in feces

79
Q

what are the government health guidlines for fats?

A

low fat, low saturated fat, low cholesterol

fat content 20%-35% of total kcal

less than 10% kcal saturated fat

dietary cholesteral limited to 300 mg/day

Nutrition Basics (7 decks)

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