Chapter 3 Fats

Question 1

How many kcal/g do we get from fats?

Answer 1

9

Question 2

Where do fats rank among carbohydrates and proteins as far as providing energy is concerned?

Answer 2

second to carbohydrates

Question 3

In what body tissue are our fat cells stored?

Answer 3

adipose tissue

Question 4

Are animal fats usually solid or liquid?

Answer 4

solid

Question 5

Are plant based fats usually solid or liquid?

Answer 5

liquid

Question 6

Are fats hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 6

hydrophobic

Question 7

What are the four major categories of fats?

Answer 7

Fatty Acids
Glycerides
Steroids (sterols)
Lipoproteins

Question 8

Which class of fat is our body fat?

Answer 8

glycerides (triglycerides)

Question 9

What are the two classes of fatty acids?

Answer 9

Saturated
Unsaturated

Question 10

What is the functional group on the end of a fatty acid (hydrocarbon) chain called?

Answer 10

carboxyl group

Question 11

How is the carboxyl group represented chemically?

Answer 11

C double bond to O
and single bond to OH

Question 12

Do saturated fatty acids have single bonds or double bonds in the carbon chain?

Answer 12

only single

Question 13

Are saturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temperature

Answer 13

solid

Question 14

Are saturated fats found more in animal products or plant products?

Answer 14

animal

Question 15

Is this a mono- or poly- unsaturated fat?

How do you know?

What is the acid name (name and omega name)

Answer 15

monounsaturated

because it has only one double bond in the carbon chain

oleic acid (omega-9)

Question 16

Is this a mono- or poly- unsaturated fat?

How do you know?

What is the acid name (name and omega name)

Answer 16

polyunsaturated fat

it has two or more double bonds in the carbon chain

linoleic acid (omega-6)

Question 17

Is this a mono- or poly- unsaturated fat?

How do you know?

What is the acid name (name and omega name)

Answer 17

polyunsaturated

it has two or more double bonds in the carbon chain

alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)

Question 18

What is the name for the far left end of the fatty acid chain?

Name both names

Answer 18

methyl or omega

Question 19

How do you determine if a unsaturated fatty acid is an omega 3, 6, or 9

Answer 19

count the number of carbons from the methyl/omega end before hitting the first carbon bond

Question 20

Are unsaturated fatty acids completely full of hydrogen?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

Are unsaturated fatty acids solid or liquid at room temperature?

Answer 21

liquid

Question 22

What are food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 22

oils (olive, peanut, canola)
nuts
avocados

Question 23

What are food sources of polyunsaturated fats?

Answer 23

vegetables oils (safflower, sunflower, corn)

Question 24

Explain what an essential fatty acid is

Answer 24

a fat we must consume in the diet. we cannot make it in the body.

Question 25

What are two sources of essential fatty acids?

Answer 25

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) Linoleic acid (omega-6)

Question 26

What type of body functions are Alpha-Linolenic Acid (Omega-3) and Linoleic (Omega-6) important for?

Answer 26

tissue strength cholesterol metabolism cardiovascular health

Question 27

What are the dietary reference intakes of linoleic (omega-6) fatty acids for men and women?

Answer 27

17 g/day for men 12 g/day for women

Question 28

what are the dietary reference intakes for alpha-linolenic (omega-3) fatty acids for men and women?

Answer 28

1.6 g/day for men 1.1 g/day for women

Question 29

What are the two isomers of fatty acids with double bonds called?

Answer 29

cis and trans

Question 30

Where are the hydrogen atoms located on the double bond in a cis fatty acid?

Answer 30

On the same side

Question 31

Where are the hydrogen atoms located on the carbon double bond of a trans fatty acid?

Answer 31

opposite sides

Question 32

Is this a cis fatty acid or a trans fatty acid?

Answer 32

cis

Question 33

is this a cis fatty acid or a trans fatty acid | ignore red circle to the side

Answer 33

trans

Question 34

Which configuration are most naturally occurring fatty acids found (cis or trans)?

Answer 34

cis

Question 35

How are most trans-fatty acids formed?

Answer 35

Vegetable oils are partially hydrogenated (hydrogen is added) hyrogen is forced on the double bonds, but the configuration is trans not cis

Question 36

Why does industry create trans fatty acids?

Answer 36

they want the oil to become a solid

Question 37

What are the majority of dietary fats made of?

Answer 37

triglycerides

Question 38

what is the structure of triglycerides?

Answer 38

three separate fatty acid chains attached to an alcohol backbone

Question 39

does the glycerol need to be dehydrated to attach to the fatty acid chain?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

what is this structure?

Answer 40

triglyceride

Question 41

what type of fats is stored in our body fats?

Answer 41

triglycerides

Question 42

How are phospholipids related to triglycerides?

Answer 42

They are a derivative of triglycerides. The third fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.

Question 43

Why is a phospholipid partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic?

Answer 43

fatty acid tail (lipid): hydrophobic phosphate (hydrophilic)

Question 44

which type of fat is this a picture of?

Answer 44

phospholipid

Question 45

What type of fat makes up our cell membrane?

Answer 45

phospholipid

Question 46

what subgroup of fats are sterols?

Answer 46

steroids

Question 47

What two steroids (sterols) found the in the body?

Answer 47

phyosterols zoosterols

Question 48

What produces phyosterols?

Answer 48

plants

Question 49

what produces zoosterols?

Answer 49

animals

Question 50

What is an example of a zoosterol humans create?

Answer 50

cholesterol

Question 51

What zoosterol is found in the cell membrane and what is its function?

Answer 51

cholesterol helps make cell memrane more rigid and less fluid

Question 52

how many rings do steroids have in their chemical structure?

Answer 52

four

Question 53

do different steroids have different functional groups or the same functional groups coming off of them?

Answer 53

different

Question 54

What are examples of steroids in the body?

Answer 54

estrogen testosterone glucocorticoids cholesterol

Question 55

Does most of our cholesterol come from dietary cholesterol or from what the body makes?

Answer 55

What the body makes

Question 56

What are some sources of dietary cholesterol?

Answer 56

eggs and organ meat

Question 57

What is endogenous cholesterol?

Answer 57

the cholesterol our liver produces

Question 58

Is cholesterol a nutrient of concern for overconsumption?

Answer 58

no

Question 59

What is a complex lipid?

Answer 59

lipoproteins

Question 60

what is the job of lipoproteins?

Answer 60

transport fat and cholesterol in the blood

Question 61

what are two transporters of fat and cholesterol?

Answer 61

low density lipoprotein (LDL) high density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 62

Where does LDL carry the fat and cholesterol to?

Answer 62

the cells

Question 63

Where does HDL carry the cholesterol to?

Answer 63

away from the cells to the liver for metabolism

Question 65

does dietary fiber assist with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

does fat provide flavor to our foods?

Answer 66

yes

Question 67

do fats send a signal to the brain of being satisfied?

Answer 67

yes

Question 68

How do fats help with flavor and satisfaction?

Answer 68

fats digest slower fuller texture slower to empty from the stomach

Question 69

What two things does adipose tissue do for us?

Answer 69

protects organs regulates temperature

Question 70

what three things are the primary sources of animal saturated fat and cholesterol in our diet?

Answer 70

meat dairy egg yolks

Question 71

What are our sources of mono and polyunsaturated plant fats in the diet?

Answer 71

vegetable oils such as olive, peanuts, safflower

Question 72

What are two sources of saturated plant fats in the diet?

Answer 72

coconut and palm oil

Question 73

What is the path for the digestion of fats in the body?

Answer 73

Mouth-->stomach-->small intestine In the small intestine bile from gallbladder-->enzymes from pancreas-->enzymes from small intestine-->absorption where dietary fat is carried as chylomicrons through lymph and blood

Question 74

What happens in the mouth in the digestion of fats? | mechanically and chemically

Answer 74

mechanical breakdown of food chemical digestion with lingual lipase

Question 75

What happens in the stomach with the digestion of fats? | mechanically and chemically ## Footnote `

Answer 75

mechanically, peristalsis mixes fat with water and acid chemically, gastric lipase breaks down fat more

Question 76

What happens in the small intestine with the digestion of fats? | mechanically and chemically?

Answer 76

bile from gallbladder enters small intestine from common bile duct and emulsifies fat (take a big glob and breaks it up into smaller droplets) to give it more surface area for pancreatic lipase to break down small droplets of fat. triglycerides are emulsified by pancreatic lipase and turn back into fatty acids and glycerol and possibly monoglycerides. monoglycerides, fatty acids, and bile form micelles that are absorbed in the bloodstream micelles go into mucosal cell and triglycerides are rebuilt. the re-formed triglycerides combine with cholesterol, phospholipds, and proteins to form chylomicrons, which are absorbed into lymphatic system

Question 77

what is a monoglyceride?

Answer 77

a glycerol w/ one fatty acid attached

Question 78

What happens in the large intestine with digestion of fats?

Answer 78

might be some additional digestion but mostly excreted in feces

Question 79

what are the government health guidlines for fats?

Answer 79

low fat, low saturated fat, low cholesterol fat content 20%-35% of total kcal less than 10% kcal saturated fat dietary cholesteral limited to 300 mg/day