Exam 2

Question 1

Electrical synapses occur at _____.

Answer 1

gap junctions

Question 2

What is NOT a feature of electrical synapses?

Answer 2

Ionic movements occur only in one direction.

Question 3

Dense accumulations of proteins around the membrane on the presynaptic side is called _______.

Answer 3

active zones

Question 4

What are examples of amino acid neurotransmitters?

Answer 4

GABA, Glycine
Glutamate

Question 5

In a typical chemical synaptic transmission, when action potentials reach the axon terminal, depolarization of the terminal membrane causes voltage-gated _________ channels in the active zones to open, which stimulates exocytosis of neurotransmitters.

Answer 5

calcium

Question 6

What is NOT a feature of transmitter (ligand)-gated ion channels?

Answer 6

Each subunit contains seven transmembrane domains.

Question 7

Transient postsynaptic membrane depolarization caused by presynaptic release of neurotransmitter is called an __________.

Answer 7

EPSP

Question 8

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is caused by the opening of _______ channels.

Answer 8

chloride

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter is most likely causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential?

Answer 9

glutamate

Question 10

What are the mechanisms of removal of neurotransmitters from a synaptic cleft?

Answer 10

Diffusion of transmitters away from the synapse

Reuptake of transmitters by axon terminal

Enzymatic degradation

Question 11

Substances that bind to neurotransmitter receptors and block the normal action of the transmitter are called _______.

Answer 11

antagonists

Question 12

The size of postsynaptic response generated by the transmitter contents of one synaptic vesicle is called a(n) ________ potential.

Answer 12

miniature postsynaptic

Question 13

Summation of EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) generated simultaneously at many different synapses on a dendrite is called _______.

Answer 13

spatial summation

Question 14

λ is dependent on the internal resistance (ri) and the membrane resistance (rm). λ ________ as rm increases.

Answer 14

increases

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT typically involved in inhibitory synapses?

Answer 15

glutamate

Question 16

Neurons or axons that employ acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter are called _______.

Answer 16

cholinergenic

Question 17

_________ is a key enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine.

Answer 17

Choline acetyltransferase

Question 18

What are examples of catecholamine neurtransmitters?

Answer 18

Serotonin

Question 19

Which receptors bind to glutamate?

Answer 19

AMPA receptors

NMDA receptors

Kainate receptors

Question 20

Activation of _____ receptors induces influx of chloride ions.

Answer 20

GABA-a

Question 21

The ability of one transmitter to activate more than one subtype of receptor and cause more than one type of synaptic response is called _______.

Answer 21

divergence

Question 22

Somatic motor neurons regulate _______________.

Answer 22

movement of skeletal muscles

Question 23

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system is called a _______.

Answer 23

nucleus

Question 24

The developmental process by which the neural plate forms the neural tube is called ________.

Answer 24

neuralation

Question 25

Which structure develops from the scond (i.e., middle) primary brain vesicle?

Answer 25

midbrain

Question 26

The outermost layer of the meninges in the central nervous system is called _____.

Answer 26

dura mater

Question 27

Which space carries the cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 27

subarachnoid space

Question 28

Which ventricular structure exists in the diencephalon?

Answer 28

third ventricle

Question 29

Which structure contains the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?

Answer 29

anterior gray horn

Question 30

How many pairs of cervical nerves do humans have?

Answer 30

8

Question 31

The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the central nervous system via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerves is called a ______.

Answer 31

dermatome

Question 32

Which structures are found in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 32

Cardiovascular center Medullary respiratory center Olive

Question 33

The pyramids are anterior protrusions found in the ______ and contain the corticospinal tracts.

Answer 33

medulla oblongata

Question 34

The ________ in the tectum of the midbrain is involved in eye movements for tracking moving images and scanning stationary images.

Answer 34

superior colliculus

Question 35

The ______________ consists of scattered nuclei in the wide areas between the upper spinal cord and the lower diencephalon and plays key roles in consciousness, arousal, and attention.

Answer 35

Reticular formation

Question 36

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 36

Maintenance of posture Maintenance of balance Coordination of voluntary movement

Question 37

The _______ in the diencephalon acts as the major relay station for most sensory information that reach the primary sensory cortex of the cerebrum.

Answer 37

thalamus

Question 38

The frontal lobe and the temporal lobe of the cerebrum are separated by _______.

Answer 38

lateral cerebral sulcus

Question 39

The primary motor cortex exists in the ________ lobe and anterior to the __________.

Answer 39

frontal, central sulcus

Question 40

The corpus callosum is an example of the _________ tract, which transmit nerve impulses between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 40

commissural