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Neuro > ch 12-15 > Flashcards

ch 12-15 Flashcards

1
Q

For how many sensory modalities can a given sensory neuron typically carry information?

A

one

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2
Q

Which mechanoreceptor in the skin detects touch and low frequency vibration?

A

meissner’s corpuscle

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3
Q

Which mechanoreceptor in the skin detects movements that disturb hairs?

A

hair root plexus

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4
Q

Which mechanoreceptor in the skin detects continuous touch

A

Merkel’s disk

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5
Q

Which mechanoreceptor in the skin detects skin stretching?

A

Ruffini corpuscle

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6
Q

Which mechanoreceptor in the skin detects high frequency vibration?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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7
Q

first pain

A

sharp, alpha-gamma fibers

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8
Q

second pain

A

duller and longer lasting, C fibers

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9
Q

warm receptor fibers

A

C fibers

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10
Q

cold receptor fibers

A

A and C fibers

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11
Q

somatic sensory pathway neuron locations

A

first- receptors to spinal cord/brainstem
second- spinal cord/brainstem to thalamus (decussate)
third- thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

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12
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

A

-touch, proprioception
-dorsal root ganglia –> medulla –> thalamus

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13
Q

spinothalamic pathway

A

-pain, temp
- dorsal root ganglia –> posterior gray horn –> thalamus

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14
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

Brodman’s 1, 2, 3 (postcentral)

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15
Q

axial muscles

A

responsible for trunk movements

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16
Q

appendicular muscles

A

support, move, and brace limbs

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17
Q

lower motor neurons

A

somatic motor neurons in lower CNS that innervate skeletal muscles

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18
Q

LMN cell bodies in anterior gray horn

A

dorsal = flexors
ventral = extensors
medial = axial
lateral = distal

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19
Q

Lower motor neurons that innervate upper limb muscles have their cell bodies in the _______ enlargement. Their axons exit the spinal cord via a ______ root.

A

cervical, ventral

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20
Q

In the somatic motor pathways, ___________ have their cell bodies in the spinal cord and brainstem and extend axons directly to skeletal muscles via spinal and cranial nerves.

A

lower motor neurons

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21
Q

Lower motor neurons that innervate lower limb muscles have their cell bodies in the _______ enlargement. Their axons exit the spinal cord via a ______ root.

A

lumbar, ventral

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22
Q

major inputs to an alpha motor neuron

A
  • Dorsal root ganglion cells with axons that innervate a muscle spindle
  • Upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and brain stem
  • Spinal interneurons
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23
Q

motor neuron pool

A

all alpha motor neurons that innervate one muscle

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24
Q

Slow (S) oxidative fibers

A
  • Relatively slow to contract
  • Sustain contraction for a long time without fatigue (legs and torso)
  • Dark red color (contain large amount of myoglobin and many capillaries)
  • Large number of mitochondria
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25
Q

Fast (F) fibers

A
  • Contract rapidly
  • Fatigue more quickly (arm muscles)
  • White color (fewer myoglobin and capillaries)
  • Fewer mitochondria
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26
Q

Patellar (knee jerk) reflex arc

A

Quadriceps femoris muscle spindle → Ia axon → alpha motor neuron → quadriceps femoris muscle

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27
Q

Tension that a single muscle fiber can produce depends on the ______ of action potentials of an alpha motor neuron that innervates the muscle fiber.

A

frequency

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28
Q

Muscle spindles are innervated by _____ sensory axons and _____ motor neurons.

A

Ia, gamma

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29
Q

When a limb withdraws from a painful stimulus, the contralateral limb compensates for the imposed extra-load by contracting extensors and relaxing flexors. This reflex is called _______.

A

crossed extensor reflex

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30
Q

lateral pathways

A

corticospinal and rubrospinal

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31
Q

corticospinal pathway

A

Motor cortex → internal capsule → cerebral peduncle → pyramid → lower motor neurons

32
Q

rubrospinal pathway

A

Axons from red nucleus to lower motor neurons

33
Q

ventromedial pathways

A

vestibulospinal, tectospinal, and reticulospinal

34
Q

vestibulospinal pathway

A

Axons from vestibular nuclei (medulla) to lower motor neurons

35
Q

tectospinal pathway

A

Axons from superior colliculus (midbrain) to lower motor neurons

36
Q

reticulospinal pathway

A

Axons from reticular formation to lower motor neuron

37
Q

which brodman’s area is the primary motor cortex?

A

4

38
Q

which brodman’s area is the higher motor area?

A

6

39
Q

features of the primary motor cortex

A
  • Sends motor commands through the corticospinal tracts to the spinal cord.
  • Is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
  • Contains “motor homunculus”, which represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor functions for different anatomical divisions of the body
40
Q

The ________ and prefrontal cortex represent the highest levels of motor control hierarchy. They make decisions about what actions to take and their likely outcome.

A

posterior parietal cortex

41
Q

The ________ and prefrontal cortex represent the highest levels of motor control hierarchy. They make decisions about what actions to take and their likely outcome.

A

mirror neurons

41
Q

structures of the basal ganglia

A
  • Globus pallidus
  • Putamen
  • Caudate nucleus
42
Q

basal ganglia functions

A
  • Regulate initiation and termination of movements
  • Facilitate behavior and movements that are appropriate and inhibit inappropriate movements
  • Control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles
  • Regulate muscle tone
43
Q

direct neural pathway

A

Enhance initiation of desired movements

44
Q

indirect neural pathway

A

Suppresses competing and inappropriate motor programs

45
Q

Parkinson’s symptoms

A
  • Hypokinesia: paucity of movement
  • Bradykinesia: slowness of movement
  • Akinesia: inability to move muscles voluntarily
  • Rigidity: increased muscle tone
  • Tremors of jaw and hands
46
Q

Parkinson’s cause and treatment

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra; L-dopa (produces dopamine)

47
Q

Huntington’s symptoms

A
  • Hyperkinesia: excessive movement
  • Dyskinesia: abnormal movement
  • Chorea
  • Dementia
  • Personality disorders
48
Q

Huntington’s cause

A

loss of neurons in caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus (basal ganglia)

49
Q

granule cells

A

Excitatory, most numerous neuron type in CNS

50
Q

purkinje cells

A

inhibitory

51
Q

cerebellar functions

A
  • Coordination of movement
  • Motor learning
  • Equilibrium (posture and balance)
52
Q

symptoms of cerebellar lesions

A
  • Ataxia: uncoordinated movement
  • Dyssynergia: decomposition of movement
  • Dysmetria: inability to estimate distance in muscular action
53
Q

The sensorimotor cortex sends massive axon projections to the _________, which relay(s) the information to the cerebellum.

A

pons

54
Q

___________ neurosecretory neurons in the __________ hypothalamus extend axons to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and secrete neurohormones (oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

A

Magunocellular; posterior

55
Q

___________ neurons in the __________ hypothalamus secrete hypophysiotropic hormones (FSH, LH, TSH, etc)

A

Parvocellular; anterior

56
Q

The _________ nervous system mostly controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, whereas the __________ nervous system usually regulates involuntary movements of cardiac and smooth muscles.

A

somatic; autonomic

57
Q

Somatic motor pathways consist of ____ neuron, while the ANS motor pathways consist of _______ neurons in ______

A

one; two; series

58
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

59
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

60
Q

enteric

A

controls GI behavior

61
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic = postganglionic
muscarinic = effectors (most sweat glands)

62
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1 and 2; beta 1, 2, and 3
- 1s are excitatory and cause constriction
- 2s are inhibitory and cause relaxation

63
Q

SNS neurotransmitters

A

preganglionic = ACh (nicotinic)
postganglionic= NE

64
Q

adrenal medulla neurotransmitters

A

preganglionic = ACh (nicotinic)
postganglionic = epinephrine, NE (chromaffin cells)

65
Q

sweat gland neurotransmitters

A

preganglionic = ACh (nicotinic)
postganglionic= ACh (muscarinic)

66
Q

PNS neurotransmitters

A

preganglionic = ACh (nicotinic)
postganglionic= ACh (muscarinic)

67
Q

fight or flight

A
  • Pupils dilate
  • Heart rate and BP increase
  • Airways dilate
  • Blood vessels dilate
  • Constrict to kidneys and GI tract
  • Glycogenolysis in liver, lipolysis in adipose tissue
68
Q

rest and digest

A

decrease in heart rate, airway diameter, pupil diameter (constrict)

69
Q

phenylephrine - agonist

A

Used in cold and sinus meds
- Constricts blood vessels to reduce mucus production

70
Q

atropine - anatagonist

A

Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist
- Dilated pupils
- Reduces glandular secretions
- Relaxes smooth muscle in GI tract

71
Q

beta blockers - antagonist

A

Treats hypertension
- Decreases heart rate and force of contractions

72
Q

NE system

A

Locus coeruleus in the pons

73
Q

serotonin system

A

Raphe nuclei in brainstem, rostral nuclei in pons and midbrain, caudal nuclei in medulla

74
Q

dopamine system

A

Dopaminergic neurons in diffuse modulatory systems

75
Q

ACh system

A

Diffuse modulatory cholinergic systems

Neuro (8 decks)

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