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Neuro > Ch 11: auditory and vestibular systems > Flashcards

Ch 11: auditory and vestibular systems Flashcards

1
Q

pinna (auricle)

A
  • located in outer ear
  • captures sound waves
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2
Q

auditory canal

A
  • located in outer ear
  • transmits sound to tympanic membrane
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3
Q

bones of middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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4
Q

eustachian tube

A
  • middle ear
  • connects middle ear to nasopharynx
  • controls middle ear pressure
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5
Q

attenuation reflex

A

contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius with loud sound to diminish sound transmission

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6
Q

bony labyrinth

A
  • inner ear
  • contains perilymph
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7
Q

membranous labyrinth

A
  • inner ear
  • contains endolymph
  • contains receptors for hearing and equilibrium
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8
Q

cochlea

A
  • used for hearing
  • three fluid-filled channels (scali)
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9
Q

scala vestibuli

A

filled with perilymph (high K+, low Na+)

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10
Q

scala media (cochlear duct)

A

filled with endolymph (low K+, high Na+)

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11
Q

scala tympani

A

filled with perilymph

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12
Q

inner ear sound wave transmission

A

oval window → scala vestibuli → apex → scala tympani → round window

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13
Q

organ of corti

A

sits on basilar membrane, contains hair cells

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14
Q

stereocilia

A

hair-like microvilli on hair cells arranged in graded heights

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15
Q

hair cells

A
  • auditory receptors
  • each cell contains 10-300 stereocilia
  • do not generate action potential (not neurons)
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16
Q

inner hair cells

A

one row

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17
Q

outer hair cells

A

three rows

18
Q

hair cell transduction

A

stereocilia bend c increase rate of channel opening → increase K+ influx → depolarization → Ca2+ channels activated → Ca2+ influx → release of glutamate

19
Q

outer hair cell function

A

amplify signals of inner hair cells

20
Q

sound wave transmission in the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → vestibular (oval) window

21
Q

auditory pathway

A

spiral ganglion → ventral cochlear nucleus → superior olive → inferior colliculus → medial geniculate nucleus → auditory cortex

22
Q

phase locking

A

consistent firing of a cell at the same phase of a sound wave

23
Q

low frequencies

A

phase locking

24
Q

intermediate frequencies

A

phase locking and tonotopy

25
Q

high frequencies

A

tonotopy

26
Q

vestibular labyrinth

A

equilibrium

27
Q

otolithic organs

A

utricle and saccule

28
Q

macula

A

sensory epithelium on otolithic organs

29
Q

utricular maculae orientation

A

horizontal

30
Q

saccular maculae orientation

A

vertical

31
Q

semicircular ducts

A
  • detect angular acceleration/deceleration
  • located in semicircular canals
32
Q

ampulla

A
  • enlarged end of canals
  • filled with endolymph
33
Q

crista

A

hair cells of ampulla

34
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous material covering crista

35
Q

central vestibular pathway

A

semicircular canals → vestibular nucleus → cranial nerve nuclei (III, IV, VI) → extraocular muscles

36
Q

the scala vestibuli and the scala media (cochlear duct) are separated by the ________

A

Reisnner’s (vestibular) membrane

37
Q

the scala media and the scala tympani are separated by the ________

A

basilar membrane

38
Q

the secondary tympanic membrane encloses the _________.

A

round window

39
Q

most axons innervate _______ hair cells

A

inner

40
Q

outer hair cells _______ the movement of the basilar membrane using motor proteins called _______.

A

amplify; prestin

41
Q

the ___________ branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve conveys nerve impulses associated with equilibrium

A

vestibular

42
Q

which cranial nerves are directly involved in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

A
  • oculomotor (III) nerve
  • trochlear (IV) nerve
  • abducens (VI) nerve

Neuro (8 decks)

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